Figure 1.
Map of the Ainu language varieties.
Colored circles represent two major subgroups (Green-Hokkaido; Yellow-Sakhalin). Blue bar in the center indicates the main area of the Okhotsk settlement.
Figure 2.
Maximum clade credibility tree of 19 Ainu language varieties.
Colored branches represent two major subgroups (Green-Hokkaido; Yellow-Sakhalin). All node heights are scaled to match the posterior median node heights with bars indicating 95% HPD intervals of the estimated ages. The value on each branch is the posterior probability, showing the percentage support for the following node.
Figure 3.
Inferred origin and diffusion of the Ainu language varieties in natural time scale.
Color gradient of the polygons (80% HPD) indicates relevant age of the diffusion [Blue-older (1288 BP); Red-more recent (50 BP)]. White lines represent the phylogeny projected onto the surface. Image sources: © 2012 Google Earth; © 2012 Cnes/Spot Image; © 2012 TerraMetrics.