Table 1.
Demographic features of patients.
Figure 1.
Cytokine and chemokine levels in CSF from patients with NMO/NMOSD, RRMS, PPMS and OND.
In NMO/NMOSD patients, the levels of IL-17A, CXCL8, IL-6, CXCL10, G-CSF and CCL4 were higher than in the relapse phase. Closed circles and rectangles in NMO/NMOSD and RRMS groups indicate patients were receiving immunotherapy (corticosteroids, interferon-β, or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin) at the time of CSF collection. Cytokines that did not show any significant changes are not shown. The lower detection limits were as follows: 0.24 pg/mL for IL-17A, 2.9 pg/mL for CXCL8, 0.24 pg/mL for IL-6, 10.1 pg/mL for CXCL10, 11.4 pg/mL for G-CSF and 0.14 pg/mL for CCL4. The upper detection limit for CXCL10 was 8420 pg/mL. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. The number of subjects per group was 16 in NMO/NMOSD, 13 in RRMS, 9 in PPMS, and 18 in OND. NMO = neuromyelitis optica; NMOSD = neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; OND = other non-inflammatory neurological diseases; PPMS = primary progressive multiple sclerosis, RRMS = relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Table 2.
Relationship of cytokine and chemokine levels with clinical parameters in patients with RRMS and NMO/NMOSD in the relapse phase.
Figure 2.
Correlation of cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with RRMS and NMO/NMOSD in the relapse phase.
Among the cytokines and chemokines analyzed, distances of each pair of cytokines/chemokines, based on Spearman's correlation coefficient, of RRMS and NMO/NMOSD in the relapse phase were shown as a heatmap. NMO = neuromyelitis optica; NMOSD = neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; RRMS = relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Table 3.
Correlations of cytokines/chemokines in RRMS and NMO/NMOSD in the relapse phase.