Figure 1.
Distributions of Percocypris and molecular samples.
Red lines indicate major river basins; blue arrows denote general direction of water flow; green lines indicate boundaries. (Right map) Extant distributions of Percocypris based on literature records and localities of specimens: dots – Upper Yangtze River, five-pointed star – Fuxian Lake, diamonds – Upper Pearl River, triangles – Mekong River, squares – Salween River, cross – Red River; (Left map) Geographic distribution of molecular samples of Percocypris used in this study: orange dots – Upper Yangtze River, red five-pointed star – Fuxian Lake, purple diamond – Upper Pearl River, pink triangles – Mekong River, green square – Salween River.
Figure 2.
External morphological measurements and internal skeletal traits.
(A) External morphological measurements used for morphometric analysis in this study: 1, standard length (SL); 2, head length (HL); 3, snout length (SNL); 4, eye diameter (ED); 5, prenaris length (IPNW); 6, eye-ball diameter (EBD); 7, caudal peduncle length (CPL); AD, predorsal length (PL); DE, dorsal-fin base length (DBL); DF, dorsal fin length (DFL); AW, prepectoral length (PPTL); WV, pectoral-fin base length (PTBL); WU, pectoral fin length (PTFL); AT, prepelvic length (PPVL); TS, pelvic-fin base length (PVBL); TR, pelvic fin length (PVFL); AQ, preanal length (PAL); QP, anal-fin base length (ABL); QO, anal fin length (AFL); HN, caudal peduncle depth (CPD); IK, upper lobe of caudal fin length (UICL); ML, lower lobe of caudal fin length (LLCL); CX, head depth (HD); BY, upper jaw length (UJL); AY, lower jaw length (LJL); the other measurements followed Chu & Cui [5] and Zhao & Zhang [19]: body depth(BD); caudal peduncle depth at the terminal of Anal fin base (CPDTA); middle caudal fin length (MCL); head width (HW); interorbital width (IOW); width between posterior naris (IPONW); mouth width (MW); maxilla barbel length (MBL); rictal barbel length (RBL). (B) Internal skeletal traits analyzed in this study: Ns, neural spine; Tv, trunk vertebrae; Cv, caudal vertebrae; Pt1, 1st dorsal pterygiophore; Pt2, 2nd dorsal pterygiophore.
Table 1.
List of partitioning strategies used in the partitioned Bayesian analyses.
Figure 3.
The topology generated by the partitioned Bayesian analysis inferred from the combined data set.
The nodal numbers or symbol are Bayesian posterior probability and ML bootstrap values as node supports. The asterisk (*) indicates posterior probability ≧0.95 and ML bootstrap values ≧70%. JS, NP, LC, NJ and FX in the name of sample (e.g. m12_JS) stand for Jishan River, Nanpan River, Lancang River, Nujiang River and Fuxian Lake, respectively.
Figure 4.
Scatter plot of the first principal component (PC1) vs. the second principal component (PC2).
The species from Fuxian Lake (red pentagons), Upper Pearl River (blue diamonds), Upper Yangtze River (orange dots), Mekong River (black triangles) and Salween River (green squares).
Table 2.
Variance loadings on the first three principal components (PC1, PC2 and PC3) in the analysis of variation in external morphology for species of Percocypris among the main clades.
Table 3.
Comparisons of alternative partitioning strategies and model selections.
Figure 5.
The origin and evolutionary scenario of Percocypris.
Map (A) shows the time tree mapped on to the geography of southeast Qinhai-Tibetan Plateau. The nodal numbers are divergence times; the node circles show the ancestral drainages. Map (B) from Rüber et al. [14] show the hypothesized paleo-Red River drainage system of Clark et al. [60].