Figure 1.
Fresh mass, dry mass, total lipid mass.
Gradual losses of FM, DM and total lipid mass (all masses are in mg) in caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during their overwintering in the field in 2011/2012. Each point is the mean ± S.D. (n = 10 individuals). Black symbols are for larvae that were analyzed at the beginning of November, while red symbols are for larvae, in which gradual loss of FM was measured in approximately 14 d-intervals throughout the cold season and their DM and total lipids were analyzed in April (see text for details). The larvae were located on tree trunks (see text for details) and the course of ambient temperatures was recorded in 2 h-intervals.
Table 1.
Seasonal changes in fresh mass, dry mass and total lipids in field-collected caterpillars of Cydia pomonella.
Figure 2.
Seasonal whole-body and tissues changes of glycogen contents in field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. Each point is the mean ± S.D. (whole body, n = 5 individuals; tissues, n = 3 replicates, 3 individuals each). Influence of sampling date on glycogen content was tested by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test (means flanked with different letters are significantly different).
Figure 3.
Seasonal changes in concentrations of selected sugars and polyols in hemolymph (A), fat body (B), and body wall (C) of field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. The areas showing concentrations of individual compounds are stacked and the total concentration of all sugars and polyols is shown as a broken line. See Dataset S1 for details.
Figure 4.
Seasonal whole-body and tissues changes of glutamine concentrations in field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. Each point is the mean ± S.D. (n = 3 replicates, 3 individuals each). Influence of sampling date on glutamine concentration was tested by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test (means flanked with different letters are significantly different).
Figure 5.
Seasonal changes in concentrations of selected amino acids in hemolymph (A), fat body (B), and body wall (C) of field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. The areas showing concentrations of individual compounds are stacked and the total concentration of free amino acids is shown as a broken line. See Dataset S1 for details.
Figure 6.
Principal component analysis showing the association between sampling date (red circles) and the concentration of 52 different metabolites (eigenvectors) in the hemolymph of field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. The numbers coding for metabolites are decoded in Dataset S1. The eigenvectors of alanine (6), fructose (44), and mannitol (46) extend beyond the circle delimiting 90% fit of the model. The metabolites (42–47) most characteristic for winter (January) sample are enclosed by a dashed line ellipse.
Figure 7.
Seasonal changes of hemolymph osmolality and whole-body supercooling point (SCP) of field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. Each point is the mean ± S.D. (osmolality, n = 10 individuals; SCP, n = 8 individuals). Influence of sampling date on parameter was tested by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test (means flanked with different letters are significantly different). Inset shows that Pearson's correlation between osmolality and SCP was relatively tight (close to statistical significance).
Table 2.
Thermal hysteresis between the melting and freezing points in hemolymph samples taken from field-collected caterpillars of Cydia pomonella.
Figure 8.
Survival at subzero temperatures in supercooled and partially frozen states in the field-sampled caterpillars of Cydia pomonella during 2010/2011. Each point is the percentage of survivors in a sample of n larvae (n = flanking number). Supercooled larvae were exposed either to −5°C for 14 d or to −15°C for 7 d. Partially frozen larvae were exposed to −5°C for 1 h.
Table 3.
Winter survival in caterpillars of Cydia pomonella exposed to semi-natural conditions.