Figure 1.
Aerial night photography examples.
(A) The city of Birmingham and (B) a retail distribution centre. Reprinted from original aerial photography under a CC BY license, with permission from the Environment Agency, original copyright [2009].
Table 1.
Results of CHAID classification for lamp class.
Figure 2.
Aerial photography, mapping and lighting indicators for a 100 m square manufacturing zone and road intersection.
(A) A daytime aerial photograph, reprinted from original photography under a CC BY license, with permission from Bluesky International Limited, original copyright [2007] (B) OS MasterMap land-cover and land-use parcels reprinted from original mapping under a CC BY license, with permission from the Ordinance Survey, original copyright [2008], (C) a night time aerial colour photograph reprinted from original aerial photography under a CC BY license, with permission from the Environment Agency, original copyright [2009] and (D) a raster representing ground lux, overlain by a point layer representing lamp centres.
Figure 3.
Percentage built land-cover plotted against a variety of lighting metrics.
(A) Percentage lit area (≥10lx) sampled at 0.25 km2, 1 km2 and 4 km2 scales. (B) Density of lamps sampled at 0.25 km2, 1 km2 and 4 km2 scales. (C) Percentage lit area ≥10, ≥20 and ≥30lx at the 1 km2 scale. (D) Lamp class sampled at the 1 km2 scale. LPS = low pressure sodium, HPS = high pressure sodium, MH = metal halide, MV = mercury vapour. Y axis values are standardised as a percentage of the total number of lamps within each built density class. Built density values represent class maximum (10 = 0–10% built land cover).
Figure 4.
Percentage contribution of land-uses to the total area of the city ≥10, ≥20 and ≥30lx.
(A) Roads/pavements and built surface Ordnance Survey MasterMap (OSMM) land-use parcels. (B) Housing and manufacturing National Land Use Database (NLUD) zones.
Figure 5.
The relative proportions of lamp classes associated with different land-uses.
(A) Roads/pavements and (B) other built surface OSMM land-use parcels, located within (C) housing and (D) manufacturing NLUD zones.
Figure 6.
Lamp density and percentage illuminated area (≥30lx) for total city area covered by different land-uses.
(A) OSMM land-use parcels and (B) NLUD land-use zones. Values have been standardised, with values >1 indicating abundance is greater than the landscape average.