Figure 1.
TD = Typical Development; AD = Autism Disorder; SES = Socio Economic Status; IQ = Intellectual quotient; CARS = Children Autism Rating Scale; CBCL = Child Behavior Check List; SD = Standard Deviation; CG = Care Giver; GLMM = Generalised Linear Mixed Model; *IQ in children with AD was based on the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale.
Figure 2.
Proportion of parentese based on acoustic characteristics in mothers' and fathers' vocalisation of TD infants or infants with AD (2A); in caregiver Regulation Up and all vocalisation whether the infant had TD or AD (2B).
TD = Typical Development; AD = Autism Disorder; CG = Care Giver; Reg Up = Regulation Up; All voc = All vocalisations.
Table 1.
Number of parental vocalizations and number of total infant responses and infant responses according to subtype per semester.
Table 2.
Infant response to caregiver vocalisation by time, group, parent's gender (mother vs. father) and acoustic characteristics (parentese vs. other speech) in home movies from infants who will later develop autism (N = 14) versus typically developing infants (N = 14).
Figure 3.
Infants who will later develop autism: pathologic trajectory of infant's behaviours and changes in parents' stimulation to adapt to their infant.
In this figure, we summarised early interaction between infants who will subsequently develop autism and their parents. Infants show less intersubjective behaviours and orienting towards people. Parents adapt their behaviour by using more regulation up
and touching
[13]. Regulation Up/Down is defined as caregiver vocalisation that modulates the child's arousal and mood, to either excite (reg-up) or calm (reg-down). Regulation up is full of parentese
, and this specific prosody appears to be significantly associated with the overall level of infants' responses, specifically infants' responses to parental vocalizations involving orientation towards people and receptive behaviours
. At the third semester (S3), compared to typically developing children, fathers of infants who will later develop autism appear to commit themselves more
and the vocalisations of fathers of children with AD are significantly associated with infant's intersubjective responses and seeking people
.