Figure 1.
Species records of Carabus irregularis used for species distribution modelling and populations sampled for genetic analyses.
SDMs included species records displayed as small crosses. Genetic analyses included populations of the three subspecies – C. i. irregularis (circles), C. i. bucephalus (squares) and C. i. montandoni (triangles). Genetic analyses resulted in two major clades: a Carpathian clade (Clade A = blue colours) and a European clade (Clade B = green colours). The clades split into five subclades: an eastern Carpathian (Ae = dark blue), a southern Carpathian (As = light blue), a northern European (Bn = dark green), a southern European (Bs = olive green) and a purely Slovenian clade (Bsl = light green).
Table 1.
Populations of Carabus irregularis sampled for genetic analyses and occurrence data used for species distribution models.
Figure 2.
Western European distribution model for (a) current and (c) past climate conditions and Carpathian distribution model for (b) current and (d) past climate conditions.
Past distribution is shown for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 BP). Warmer colors show areas with better predicted conditions (green: p>0.3, yellow: p>0.5, red: p>0.7).
Figure 3.
Majority-rule consensus tree for Carabus irregularis.
The tree shows results for the Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/the parsimony bootstrap percentages (PB)/the maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages (MLB) for well-supported nodes. Divergence times are displayed with median values and 95% confidence intervals for nodal ages (bars) in million years BP (MY; scale at the bottom). See Table 1 for population abbreviations and Figure 1 for clade abbreviations and colour codes.
Figure 4.
Frequency distribution of intra-specific genetic divergence in CO1 – within (light grey) and between major clades (dark grey).
Pairwise distances (4005 intra-specific comparisons within C. irregularis) were calculated using Kimura's two parameter (K-2P) model.
Table 2.
Diversity statistics based on concatinated CO1+ND5 sequences (1785 bp) of C. irregularis populations (sampled with more than one specimen) and in subclades and clades (as determined by the phylogenetic tree).
Table 3.
Results of Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) for different hierarchical levels: subclades, clades and subspecies.
Figure 5.
Median-joining network of mtDNA haplotypes based on concatenated CO1+ND5 sequences.
Circles represent haplotypes; circle size and numbers in brackets indicate the haplotype frequency within our samples. Small black circles/nodes indicate intermediate haplotypes between observed haplotypes. Haplotype circles are filled corresponding to the colour code for the subclades also used in Figure 1 and 3.