Table 1.
Environmental parameters and carbonate chemistry for the Ambient CO2 and High CO2 treatments during the experiment (mean ± SD).
Figure 1.
Larval morphology of bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) exposed to varied pCO2 conditions.
Larvae were preserved in 95% ethanol after incubation for 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d in (A-C) ambient CO2, (D-F) high CO2 for 3 d followed by ambient CO2 for 4 d, and (G-I) high CO2. Larvae shown represent the mean shell length for each treatment and age. The outline of each image corresponds to the CO2 treatment the larvae were experiencing at the time of preservation. Gray = ambient CO2, black = high CO2. Images are all to the same scale; scale bar = 100 µm.
Figure 2.
Shell length of larval bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) during the first week of larval development.
Values are mean ± SD of 6 replicate culture containers. The dotted vertical line indicates the age at the time of inoculation (exposure to CO2 treatments); the dashed vertical line indicates the age at which CO2 conditions were switched for the High CO2/Ambient treatment. Different letters (A, B, C) denote significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments at a given age, as determined in one-way ANOVA (Table 2), followed by Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 2.
One-way ANOVAs of mean shell length (µm) of Argopecten irradians larvae raised in three CO2 treatment regimes (Ambient CO2, High CO2/Ambient, and High CO2) at 1, 3, and 7 d; n = 6 replicate culture containers per treatment.
Figure 3.
Survival of larval bay scallops (Argopecten irradians).
Survival is expressed as the percent of larvae surviving from the time of inoculation (age = 0.5 d), during the first week of larval development. Values are mean ± SD of n = 5 replicate culture containers for the Ambient CO2 treatment and n = 6 replicate culture containers for the High CO2/Ambient and High CO2 treatments. The dotted vertical line indicates the age at the time of inoculation (exposure to CO2 treatments); the dashed vertical line indicates the age at which CO2 conditions were switched for the High CO2/Ambient treatment. Letters denote significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments at a given age, as determined in one-way ANOVA (Table 3), followed by Tukey’s HSD test; only the Ambient and High CO2 treatments on day 1 are significantly different.
Table 3.
One-way ANOVAs of mean percent survival (arcsine-square root-transformed) of Argopecten irradians larvae raised in three CO2 treatment regimes (Ambient CO2, High CO2/Ambient, and High CO2) at 1, 3, and 7 d; n = 5 replicate culture containers for Ambient CO2 treatment, n = 6 replicate culture containers each for High CO2/Ambient and High CO2 treatments.