Table 1.
Effects of Age and Gender on Autoantibody Count.
Table 2.
Effects of Health Status on Autoantibody Count.
Figure 1.
Representative images of human protein microarrays.
(Left) Small portion of a protein microarray containing 9,480 native human proteins probed with blocking buffer and secondary antibody as a quality control. (Right) Protein microarray probed with an individual human serum sample under the same conditions. Manufacturer’s controls (white boxes), gradient of IgG positive controls (green boxes), anti-human IgG controls (blue boxes) and examples of immunopositive reactions (yellow boxes) are indicated. In this study, all arrays were scanned at PMT setting of 600. Under this condition, the relative fluorescence unit (RFU) at saturation is around 75000 as exemplified by IgG controls (green boxes). The RFUs of BSA negative controls are under 1000. The coefficient of variance between duplicate spots averaged 4.7% ∼ 8.8%.
Figure 2.
Representative autoantibody data showing their relative abundance in healthy individuals.
An example of the reactions of four highly prevalent autoantibodies in a population of healthy subjects is presented. The X axis indicates individual samples arranged in order of increasing age from left to right. Relative fluorescence units (RFUs) (Y axis) reflect the resulting antigen-antibody reaction detected on the protein microarrays. Four specific autoantigens [tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21), APEX nuclease (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease) 2 (APEX2), General transcription factor II-I and SERPINE1 mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1)] were chosen due to their high prevalence in > 60% of the healthy population. The clear lamination of signal intensities shown by each autoantibody-antigen reaction suggests comparable levels of these autoantibodies in the blood across the population
Figure 3.
Dot blot confirmation of serum IgG auto-reactivity.
Two identified antigens of serum autoantibodies, PTCD2 and ICAM4, were spotted onto nitrocellulose and probed with serum identical to that used on the protein microarrays. Serial dilution with diminishing immunoreactivity confirmed the presence and activity of IgG autoantibodies in human sera.
Figure 4.
Serum IgG autoantibodies consistently bind to diverse antigens in many human organs. A.
Human liver, kidney, lung, and brain tissue lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and then probed with human serum. As indicated by the many immunoreactive protein bands of differing molecular weights, serum IgG autoantibodies bind to a variety of common and organ-specific SDS-denatured antigens. B. In western blots, proteins from human brain extract were probed with human serum (HS-I and HS-II) as primary antibodies. Serum samples at three timepoints, T1, T2 and T3, were collected from the same individual (HS-I) over a period of four years. Serum samples T1’ and T2’ were collected from a different individual (HS-II) over a period of two years. Consistent patterns of serum IgG immunoreactivity were specific to individuals and appeared to remain stable over time.
Figure 5.
Serum IgG autoantibodies are detected in all mammals tested.
A. Pig, human, and rat brain lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and then probed with their respective species-specific serum as a primary antibody. Each species possessed IgG autoantibodies that bound to a variety of SDS-denatured brain self-antigens. B. Proteins from pig brain extract were probed with serum collected from a single pig at two timepoints, TP1 and TP2, spanning three months. The majority of the pig auto-reactive IgG antibodies remain the same.