Table 1.
Number of diploid males and sample size for each brood and generation of inbreeding in Asobara tabida, A. japonica, A. citri and A. pleuralis.
Figure 1.
Secondary offspring sex ratio, brood size, male and female offspring numbers over generations of inbreeding.
(a): Asobara tabida, (b): A. japonica, (c): A. citri, (d): A. pleuralis, OC: outcross. Open and grey bars denote male and female offspring number respectively. Black triangles represent mean sex ratio, and error bars represent standard error.
Figure 2.
Simulation of the proportion diploid males.
(a): Asobara tabida, (b): A. japonica, (c): A. citri and (d): A. pleuralis. 10 000 replicates of each experiment were simulated, assuming different numbers of unlinked csd loci, nloci = {1, 2, 5 and 10}. Blue shading with solid lines represent predicted proportion diploid males under CSD with one locus; green shading with dashed lines represent the trend under CSD with two loci; red shading with dotted lines for five loci, and pink shading with dot-dashed lines for ten loci. Each shaded polygon represents the 95% confidence intervals of the proportion diploid males for a particular number of csd loci. Black dots are the observed proportion diploid males in our experiments.
Figure 3.
Simulation of secondary offspring sex ratios.
(a): Asobara tabida, (b): A. japonica, (c): A. citri and (d): A. pleuralis. 10 000 replicates of each experiment were simulated, assuming different numbers of unlinked csd loci, nloci = {1, 2, 5 and 10}. Blue shading with solid line represents predicted offspring sex ratio under CSD with one locus; green shading with dashed line represents the trend under CSD with two loci; red shading with dotted line for five loci, and pink shading with dot-dashed line for ten loci. Each color-shaded polygon represents the 95% confidence intervals of offspring sex ratio for a particular number of csd loci nloci, which is listed on the left side of the polygons. Black dots represent observed mean offspring sex ratio per generation, and corresponding error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the observed mean offspring sex ratio. Note that in A. pleuralis, the low initial brood size (on average five) in the 1st generation of the B-S cross makes the stochastic effects more pronounced, resulting in overlapping confidence intervals for model predictions during the first generations (the same effect also occurs in simulations for proportions of diploid males in Figure 2.).