Figure 1.
Neighbour net for Asparagales and outgroups.
Neighbour net for Asparagales and outgroups with uncorrected p-distances, based on 284 species using four plastid genes: atpB, matK, ndhF, and rbcL. Families and subfamilies circumscriptions follow APG III (2009) and Chase et al. (2009) are colour-coded. Scale bar, 0.01.
Figure 2.
Consensus tree from Bayesian analysis of the four combined cpDNA datasets.
The 50% majority rule consensus phylogram from partitioned Bayesian analysis of a combined matrix of 284 accessions and 6699 bp from four plastid genes: atpB, matK, ndhF and rbcL. The 400,000 generations before the point when the SDSF permanently fell below 0.01 (0.0016 at termination) were discarded as burn-in. Three types of support (bootstrap percentages for parsimony analyses with equal weights [EW]/successive approximations weighting [SW]/posterior probabilities for Bayesian analysis [PP]) are indicated on each branch. Major clades are named following the subfamily classification of three expanded asparagalean families proposed by Chase et al. (2009) and APG III (2009). The tree is subdivided as follows: part A, Asparagaceae and subfamilies; part B, Amaryllidaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae and their subfamilies plus Xeronemataceae; part C, the basal nodes of Asparagales and outgroups (non-Asparagales taxa).
Table 2.
Statistics for the four genes analysed in this study.
Figure 3.
Divergence time estimates for Asparagales, based on four cpDNA genes (atpB, matK, ndhF and rbcL).
The maximum clade credibility tree from the divergence times estimated with BEAST. The 95% highest posterior density (HPD) estimates for each well-supported clade are represented by bars. Numbers at nodes are fossil calibration points: 93 Ma, age for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of extant Asparagales;
83.5 Ma, age for the MRCA of Zingiberales;
106.5±5.5 (93–120) Ma, age for the root of the tree (The upper age constraint of 120 Ma corresponds to the oldest known Monocot fossil). Detailed descriptions see the section of material and methods in text.
Table 3.
Sampling and age estimates for families and subfamilies of Asparagales.
Table 1.
Vouchers with GenBank accession number for taxa included in this study.