Figure 1.
Map of study site, Hakalau National Forest Wildlife Refuge.
Geometric figures indicate sampling points and corresponding habitat types. Sampling points and a designation of the approximate boundary of the native forest (dotted white line) are overlaid on a 0.5 m-resolution aerial photograph showing tree cover (dark areas are the forest, corridors, and patches).
Table 1.
The scientific name, status (native or introduced) and abundance of all ichneumonids sampled in this study.
Table 2.
Summary of GLMM Analyses.
Figure 2.
Wasp community characteristics in different habitat types.
Panel A represents abundance; panel B represents richness. Habitat types are forest (F), grasslands (G), old and young planted corridors (OPC and YPC, respectively), and planted patches (PP). Open circles represent outliers.
Figure 3.
Multi-dimensional scaling plot.
Plot demonstrates similarities in ichneumonid community composition in different habitat types.
Table 3.
Community similarity of all ichneumonids among habitat types of interest in this study.
Figure 4.
Relationship between similarity-to-forest index and percent tree cover.
At points represented by a circle we found no native individuals; at points indicated by a triangle we found at least one native individual. Tree cover is calculated within a circle of 120 m radius surrounding each sampling point in all corridors. Our GLMM analysis found the trend of increasing similarity to forest with increasing tree cover significant.
Figure 5.
Abundance of native Ichneumonidae with increasing distance from native forest.
Our GLMM analysis found the trend of decreasing abundance of native species with increasing distance to forest significant. Values less than zero on the x-axis indicate points within the native forest.