Table 1.
Measurements of zooidal characteristics (mean ± SD [mm], number of measurements in parentheses).
Figure 1.
Examples of Pseudoflustra colonies at different astogenetic stages showing the rootlets enabling attachment to the substrate.
A. P. anderssoni (ZI RAS 27/1764); B. P. anderssoni (ZI RAS 27/1764); C. P. hincksi (ZI RAS 27/1764); D. P. hincksi (ZI RAS 3).
Figure 2.
Pseudoflustra solida (Stimpson, 1854).
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; C. ovicellate zooid with avicularium, bleached; D. autozooids with avicularia, bleached; E. characteristic chitinized tube originated from cuticle covering autozooidal frontal shield and stretching along the surface of the colony before detaching to become a rootlet, unbleached. A, ZI RAS 70/2942; B, C, D, ZI RAS 66; E, MM 4163. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 500 µm (B), 300 µm (E), 100 µm (C, D).
Figure 3.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra solida gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 4.
Pseudoflustra hincksi Kluge, 1915.
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; C. orifice of autozooid with avicularium, bleached; D. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium, bleached; E. characteristic chitinized cuticular rhizoids growing proximally as inflations of frontal shield cuticles of autozooids, unbleached. A, ZI RAS 12; B, D, ZI RAS 33/5528; C, E, ZI RAS 3. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B, E), 100 µm (D), 50 µm (C).
Figure 5.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra hincksi gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 6.
Pseudoflustra anderssoni Kluge, 1946.
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; C. orifice of autozooid with avicularium, bleached; D. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium, bleached; E. mid branch part of a colony with ovicellate zooids showing characteristic rare avicularium placed proximolaterally at the edge of the orifice, bleached. A, D, ZI RAS 2; B, C, ZI RAS 10; E, NHM 2012.3.7.2. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B), 100 µm (C, D, E).
Figure 7.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra anderssoni gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 8.
Pseudoflustra sinuosa (Andersson, 1902).
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; C. orifice of autozooid with avicularium, bleached; D. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium, bleached; E. characteristic chitinized cuticular rhizoids growing proximally as inflations of frontal cuticles of autozooids, unbleached. A, B, C, E, NHM 11.10.1. 1498A; D, NHM 2012.3.7.5. Scale bars: 1 mm (B), 500 µm (E), 200 µm (A) 200 µm (C, D).
Figure 9.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra sinuosa gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 10.
Pseudoflustra birulai Kluge, 1929.
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; C. orifice of autozooids with avicularia, bleached; D. side view of orifice of autozooid with avicularium, bleached; E. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium, bleached. A, ZI RAS 9; B, C, D, E, ZI RAS 12; Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 200 µm (B), 100 µm (C, D, E).
Figure 11.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra birulai gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 12.
Pseudoflustra minima Hayward, 1994, Holotype: ZM 17, bleached.
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids; B. distal colony edge with autozooids; C. orifice of autozooids; D. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 100 µm (B, D), 30 µm (C).
Figure 13.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra minima gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 14.
Pseudoflustra virgula Hayward, 1994, Holotype: ZM 19, bleached.
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids; B. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids; C. orifice of autozooid with avicularium; D. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 200 µm (B), 100 µm (C, D).
Figure 15.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra virgula gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature).
Figure 16.
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. basal view of the colony, bleached; C. basal view of the colony with characteristic chitinized cuticular rhizoids growing from basal side of autozooids, unbleached; D. orifice of autozooid with avicularium, bleached; E. ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium, bleached. A, B, D, E, MNHN 7206; C, MNHN 7209. Scale bars: 500 µm (A), 200 µm (B, C), 100 µm (E), 30 µm (D).
Figure 17.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra radeki sp.nov. gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature). Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.
Figure 18.
Pseudoflustra perrieri (Jullien, 1883).
A. colony showing autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; B. overview of lectotype colony showing autozooids, unbleached; C. distal colony edge with autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached; D. basal view of the colony with characteristic chitinized cuticular rhizoids growing from basal side of autozooids, unbleached; E. orifice of autozooid with avicularium, bleached; F. autozooids and ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularia, bleached. A, C, E, F, NHM 2002.9.10.16; B MNHN 1693; D, NHM 1999.6.23.4. Scale bars: 500 µm (A), 300 µm (C, D, F), 200 µm (B) 100 µm (E).
Figure 19.
Distributional records of Pseudoflustra perrieri gathered from the literature and museum collections.
(circles – record confirmed either by scanning electron or light microscopy, squares – unconfirmed record taken from literature).
Table 2.
Morphological characters and character states used in the phylogenetic analysis.
Figure 20.
Phylogenetic relationships between the nine species of Pseudoflustra based on a cladistic analysis.
Tree shown is the single, most parsimonius tree after reweighting of characters based on their rescaled consistency indices, and is rooted on Smittoidea reticulata. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values.
Table 3.
Character matrix for the 9 species of Pseudoflustra plus the outgroup species, Smittoidea reticulata.
Figure 21.
Surface water currents in Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic and distributions of all nine species of Pseudoflustra.
Note that some symbols represent more than one record as the resolution of the map is insufficient to depict all records.