Figure 1.
The comparison of ethylene production and fruit firmness in ‘Taishanzaoxia’ and ‘Liaofu’ cultivar.
(A) Changes of fruit firmness and ethylene production in different apple cultivars during fruit development. (B) Effect of different levers 1-MCP on ethylene production in ‘Taishanzaoxia’. (C) Effect of different levers 1-MCP on fruit firmness in ‘Taishanzaoxia’. TS represent ‘Taishanzaoxia’ cultivar. LF represents ‘Liaofu’ cultivar.
Figure 2.
The expression pattern of ZMdPG1 and ethylene signal transcription factors.
(A) Expression of the ZMdPG1 and ethylene signal transcription factors during fruit development. Data obtained from ‘Taishanzaoxia’ and ‘Liaofu’ apple fruit are shown in order from left to right. Data for different ripening stages are shown in order from left to right. Numbers below each lane indicate the number of ripening days after full bloom. Data from three repeats are provided. (B) Expression of the ZMdPG1 and ethylene signal transcription factors in ‘Taishanzaoxia’ apple fruit after harvest. Fruit were held at 24°C and treated with air (Air) or 1.0 µl.L-1 1-MCP (1-MCP) for 24 h. Data are shown in order from left to right. Data for different stages are shown in order from left to right. Numbers below each lane indicate the number of days after harvest. Data from three repeats are provided.
Figure 3.
Functional characterization of ZMdEILs, ZMdERFs and ZMdPG1.
(A) ZMdEIL2 interacts with ZMdERF1and ZMdERF2 in vivo in the BiFC assay. YFP fluorescence signals are detected in 2 d. (B) Transient expression assays showed that ZMdPG1 protein localized in the cell wall. ZMdERF1, ZMdERF2, ZMdEIL1, ZMdEIL2 and ZMdEIL3 localize in the cell nucleus. GFP fluorescence signals are detected in 2 d. bar = 50 µm
Figure 4.
The functional pattern of ZMdPG1 in transgenic Arabidopsis.
The plants showing loosened, slant growth and long petiole phenotype in overexpressed ZMdPG1 Arabidopsis but not in antisense Arabidopsis. Silique dehiscence and cell separation occurred in faint yellow silique of overexpressed ZMdPG1 Arabidopsis while that occurred in mature and dry wide siliques but not in antisense transgenic Arabidopsis. Triangle represents DZ. (A) The profile of phenotype. (B) The profile of phenotype. (C) The phenotype of petiole (D) The faint yellow silique of wild Arabidopsis, there is not split (early of stage 18); (E) The faint yellow dehiscence silique of transgenic Arabidopsis containing 35 S:ZMdPG1 (early of stage 18); (F) The mature and dry dehiscence silique of wild Arabidopsis (stage 19); (G) The mature and dry silique of transgenic Arabidopsis containing anti-ZMdPG1 (stage 19); (H) Transverse section of wide-type stained with Toluidine blue corresponding to (D); (I) Transverse section of overexpressed transgenic Arabidopsis stained with Toluidine blue corresponding to (E); (J) Transverse section of wide-type stained with Toluidine blue corresponding to (F); (K) Transverse section of antisense transgenic Arabidopsis stained with Toluidine blue corresponding to (G). Arrowheads indicate the DZ, bar = 50 µm; (L) The expression pattern of ADPG1 and ADPG2 in antisense ZMdPG1 transgenic Arabidopsis. (i) developing siliques in stage 17, (ii) yellow siliques in stage 18, (iii) fully matured siliques in stage 19.
Figure 5.
The expression pattern of ZMdPG1 in transgenic Arabidopsis and cell callus.
The expression of ZMdPG1 is detected in silique valve DZs (A), seeds (A), ovule funiculus (B) and apple calli (D). The overexpression of ZMdPG1 is detected in leaf and petiole of Arabidopsis (C) and apple callus (D).
Figure 6.
ZMdERF1 doesn't directly regulate the promoter of the ZMdPG1.
Ten probes were performed. Bracket indicates where binding signal has not occurred.