Figure 1.
Life cycle and the fruiting body of Volvariella volvacea.
A. Basidiospores of V. volvacea are in tetrad and attached to a basidium by four sterigmata. Mature basidiospore germinates under favorable conditions to form primary mycelium. Secondary mycelia form by the fusion of primary mycelia, and give rise to fruiting bodies which create another new generation of basidiospore. The fruiting mycelium has no clamp connections. The life cycle of V. volvacea in general is complete in 4–5 weeks time [11], [90]. B. “Button” stages in the development of V. volvacea, which are harvested and sold in the market. C. A mature fruiting body.
Table 1.
Features of the V. volvacea genome
Figure 2.
Phylogenomic tree showing the evolutionary distance of V. volvacea with different fungal species.
Rhizopus oryzae (zygomycete) was used as an outgroup. The topology of the phylogenomic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method [85] (bootstrap = 1000, JTT matrix). All bootstrap values are 100%. Time scale was showed by MYA (million years ago). The divergence time of species is located on the right side of each node. The average deviation of divergence time for each node time is only 0.23 MYA.
Figure 3.
Comparison of the genomic structure of A mating type locus and its flanking region among C. cinerea, A. bisporus, V. volvacea and P. nameko.
Homologous genes are connected with lines. Arrows indicate the putative direction of transcription. Homeodomain protein genes (HD genes) are shown as red boxes. Green boxes indicate genes that are conserved among four species. Orange boxes indicate genes that are conserved among three species. Yellow boxes indicate genes that are conserved between two species. White boxes indicate genes that are not conserved among the four species. Data stem from C. cinerea (positions 2602748-2694125 from NCBI GenBank accession no. AACS02000001), A. bisporus (positions 862530-932075 from scaffold 1 in JGI Agaricus bisporus genome sequence, http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Agabi_varbisH97_2/Agabi_varbisH97_2.home.html), V. volvacea (positions 379806-432904 from scaffold 7, HD1 position 406228–407814 and HD2 position 406060–404643) and P. nameko (positions 1734–39882 from NCBI GenBank accession no. AB435542).
Figure 4.
Phylogenetic tree constructed from the amino acid sequence alignments of homeodomain mating-type protein homologs of V. volvacea and various basidiomycete fungi.
Figure 5.
Comparison of the number of five CAZy genes in V. volvacea and other basidiomycetes fungi genomes.
Figure 6.
Number of putative enzyme models involved in plant cell-wall degradation in V. volvacea and other basidiomycetes fungi genomes.
Figure 7.
Differential gene expression in V. volvacea after exposure to 4 °C for different times.
Comparison of differentially expressed genes between 0 and 2 h (A), 0 and 4 h (B).