Figure 1.
Map of populations sampled in the native range.
Sampled populations and distribution of chloroplast DNA haplotypes of Elodea canadensis (circles) and E. nuttallii (triangles) in the United States of America and Canada. Site numbers correspond to those in Table 1, and shapes, shades and patterns correspond to the haplotypes in Figure 3.
Figure 2.
Map of populations sampled in the introduced range.
Sampled populations and distribution of chloroplast DNA haplotypes of Elodea canadensis (circles) and E. nuttallii (triangles) in Europe, New Zealand and Australia. Site numbers correspond to those in Table 1, and shapes and shades correspond to the haplotypes in Figure 3.
Table 1.
List of Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii specimens used in this study and associated haplotypes based on the observed sequence differences within nine combined chloroplast genome regions (total 4072 bp).
Table 2.
Characteristics, primer sequences and level of polymorphisms in 29 cpDNA marker regions developed for Elodea canadensis.
Figure 3.
Haplotypes found in 33 E. canadensis and 25 E. nuttallii populations analyzed, based on mutation differences within 4072 bp of plastid sequence.
The sizes of the circles and triangles are proportional to the number of populations included in each haplotype (H1, 29; H2, 1; H3, 1; A, 22; B 1; C, 1; D, 1). Small open circles on connecting spans indicate minimum numbers of individual mutations. Branch in dashed line represent the mutation differences between E. canadensis haplotypes H1 and H2, which could not be connected within the limits of parsimony (95%). These haplotypes are connected manually with observed mutations (numbers along the branch in dashed line).
Figure 4.
Classification of mutational differences between the two Elodea canadensis chloroplast genomes.
Classifications of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion (indel) differences between the two Elodea canadensis plastid sequences (FIN and USA), based on 112,193 bp. A: genic and intergenic regions, B: inverted repeat (IR), large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions. Tv, transversion; Tn, transition; indel, insertion/deletion.
Table 3.
Summary of differences detected between the two plastid sequences of Elodea canadensis collected from the native and introduced range, based on 112,193 bp.
Table 4.
Chloroplast microsatellites (SSRs) showing length polymorphism between the two plastid sequences of Elodea canadensis collected from native (USA) and introduced (FIN) range, based on 112,193 bp.