Figure 1.
Locations of the ten green roofs sampled in this study, which were distributed across all five boroughs of New York City.
The map was created by Jeremy Law at Columbia University.
Table 1.
Plant species from the two native plant communities used in the experimental green roofs for this study.
Figure 2.
Sampling scheme for the general (a) and fine-scale (b) sampling with an image of a representative green roof.
The general sampling scheme was used for all ten green roofs and the six cores were composited for three planting boxes on each roof. For the fine-scale sampling on the three target roofs, each core was treated as a separate sample.
Figure 3.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling plot of fungal communities across the ten green roofs.
ANOSIM analysis revealed significant clustering of fungal communities across roofs.
Table 2.
Relative abundance of green roof OTUs aligning to fungal genera in the Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi).
Figure 4.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling plots of fungal communities for the three green roofs that were more intensively sampled.
Fungal communities were significantly clustered by roof (a), but not by plant community (b).
Figure 5.
Proportional abundance of the fungal phyla (a) and families (b) that were responsible for the separation of fungal communities across the three intensively sampled green roofs.
Fungal phyla (a) that had a non-random distribution across the three roofs are marked with an asterisk. All fungal families in panel b had non-random distributions across the three roofs.
Figure 6.
Concentrations (in ppm) of heavy metals from green roof substrates and park soils. Asterisks above the bars denote significant differences at p<0.05.
Table 3.
Data for soil and substrate nutrient analyses given as the mean (±SE).
Figure 7.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling plots of fungal communities sampled from green roofs and parks.
Green roof fungal communities were distinct from city park soil communities with the High Line samples having a distinct composition from both roofs and other parks (a). City park fungal communities were also significantly clustered by site (b).
Table 4.
The most abundant fungal OTUs from the Central Park samples.
Figure 8.
The relative abundance of fungal phyla detected from green roof substrates and city park soils.
Asterisks denote significant differences at p<0.05. Numerical values for the proportional abundances of each fungal phylum in the parks compared to the green roofs are displayed below each bar.
Figure 9.
The relative abundance of the most dominant fungal orders detected from green roof substrates and city park soils.