Table 1.
Duration of the maternal treatments during gestation and newborn outcome.
Figure 1.
Representative examples of circadian rhythms of activity (left panel) and temperature (right panel) in three pregnant capuchin monkeys.
LD: females maintained in light:dark 14∶10 during pregnancy; LL: females maintained in constant light during pregnancy; LL+M: LL females receiving a daily melatonin replacement at 1800 h. The arrows indicates delivery.
Table 2.
Parameters of the cosinor equations describing the pregnant capuchin circadian locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms 96 hours before delivery and those of the temperature rhythm in their newborns (mean ± SEM).
Figure 2.
Mean ± SE temperature in pregnant capuchin monkeys 96 hours before delivery.
Temperature was measured at 15 min intervals by telemetry. Integrated one h values were used to depict the rhythm. LD: females maintained in light:dark 14∶10 during pregnancy; LL: females maintained in constant light during pregnancy; LL+M: LL females receiving a daily melatonin replacement at 1800 h. Shaded bars represent light off. Φ indicates the acrophase. The continuous line represents the theoretical 24-h cosinor function fitting the data. The clocks at the right of the figure show the distribution of acrophases of the individual temperature rhythms in each group of females. An arrow denotes the timing of the mean acrophase.
Figure 3.
Mean ± SE circadian temperature rhythm in capuchin monkey newborns at 4–6 days of age.
Temperature was measured at 15 min intervals by telemetry. Integrated one h values were used to depict the rhythm. LD: newborns from mothers kept in light:dark 14∶10 during pregnancy and reared in LD (n = 6); LL: newborn from mothers maintained in constant light during pregnancy and reared in LL (n = 5); LL+M: newborn from LL mother receiving a daily melatonin replacement at 1800 hours during pregnancy and reared in LL (n = 5). Shaded bars represent light off. Φ indicates the acrophase. The continuous line represents the theoretical 24-h cosinor function fitting the data. The mean data fits a 24-h cosine function (R2 0.83 and 0.82, LD and LL +Mel newborns, respectively).The clocks at the right of the figure show the distribution of acrophases of the individual temperature rhythms in each group of newborns. An arrow denotes the timing of the mean acrophase.