Figure 1.
A. Chelonibia patula is commonly epibiotic on crustaceans surfaces. B., C. Chelonibia testudinaria (indicated by black arrow in C) is common on shell surface of marine turtles. D. Sampling locations of C. patula (squares) and C. testudinaria (circle) in the present study. E. Shell parameters measured for morphological analysis. SL – shell length, OL – orifice length, SH – shell height, ST – shell thickness. F. Cirrus IV of C. testudinaria, showing the length measured for morphological analysis. Cirri V and VI not shown due to similarity in morphology. G. Chelonibia patula, showing the small dwarf males (indicated by arrows) settled randomly on shell surface and orifice opening. H. Chelonibia testudinaria, showing the dwarf males (indicated by arrows) settled on the oval depression in the radii of the shell plates.
Figure 2.
A. nMDS plots showing ordinations of the morphological characters of Chelonibia patula and C. testudinaria. B. nMDS plots showing the AFLP analysis of C. patula and C. testudinaria. Refer to table 2 for the acronyms of the population. C. Mean (± SD), of the shell parameters and cirrus length (relative to the total shell length) of C. patula and C. testudinaria.
Figure 3.
Scanning electron microscopy of mouth parts and cirri of Chelonibia testudinaria.
A. Maxilla, B. Serrulate setae on maxilla. C. Maxillule, D. Serrulate setae on maxillule. E. Setae on cutting edge of maxillule. F. Mandibles, G. 3rd –5th teeth and the lower margin of mandible. H. Mandibular palp, showing simple type setae on the inferior margin (I, J) and serrulate setae on superior margin (K). L. Labrum showing enlarged view of teeth on cutting edge (M). N. cirrus I, showing densely pectinated serrulate setae (O) and serrulate setae on rami (P, Q). R. Cirrus II, with serrulate setae (T) and pappose setae (S). U. Cirrus III, with serrulate type setae (V, W) on rami. X. Cirrus VI, showing the intermediate segment (Y).
Figure 4.
Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Chelonibia testudinaria and C. patula in this study with sequences of C. testudinaria from Rawson et al. (2003) (GenBank accession nos.: AY174312–16, 24–28, 34–8, 42–46, 58–62) and outgroup C. caretta (FJ385728-30).
ML and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses yield the same topology. Bootstrap (1,000 replicates) values for ML (normal) and the posterior probabilities for BI (bold) analyses are indicated at the nodes. (EP: eastern Pacific; WP: western Pacific; A: Atlantic).
Figure 5.
TCS network of Chelonibia testudinaria (white portion) and C. patula (black and hatched portions) based on mitochondrial COI, 12S and 16S rRNA markers.
Locality of populations of C. patula is indicated in respective black and hatched portions.
Table 1.
Kimura-2-parameter distance among outgroup Chelonibia caretta, the five populations of C. testudinaria in Rawson et al. (2003) as well as C. testudinaria and C. patula examined in this study based on COI.
Table 2.
Genetic diversity (mean ± standard error) of Chelonibia testudinaria and C. patula based on mitochondrial COI, 16S, and 12S rRNA markers and AFLP.
Table 3.
Global locus-by-locus analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) results as weighted averages over loci.
Figure 6.
FST value for each of the AFLP loci and their associated posterior odds (PO).
Solid vertical line represents the threshold value (false discovery rate of 0.05) of PO; loci with PO larger than the threshold regarded as outliers. Note that PO is equivalent to Bayes Factors when the prior odds are set to 1 (refer to text for details).