Figure 1.
(A): CMS paradigm. CMS procedures were performed for 5-weeks. Drug treatment was performed day 36. The 1% sucrose intake test (SIT) was performed at baseline, days 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 37, 40, 42 and 44. Vehicle, ketamine (10 mg/kg), or SB216763 (10 mg/kg) were administered at day 36. The open field test (OFT) was performed at day 37. The tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST) was performed at day 38. (B): Acute effects of ketamine and SB216763 in control mice. Vehicle, ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), or SB216763 (2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered into control mice. The behavioral tests, OFT, TST, and FST, were performed 3 and 24 hours after a single administration.
Figure 2.
Effects of ketamine and the established GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 in the CMS model.
(A) Locomotion: There were no differences between the four groups. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 8 or 9). (B) Tail-suspension test (TST): The increased immobility time of mice in the CMS groups, decreased significantly 48 hours (day 38) after a single dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), but not SB216763 (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Data show the mean±SEM (n = 5–8). (C) Forced swimming test (FST): The increased immobility time of mice in the CMS groups decreased significantly 48 hours (day 38) after a single dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), but not SB216763 (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Data show the mean±SEM (n = 8 or 9). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 as compared to CMS+Vehicle group.
Figure 3.
Effects of ketamine and the established GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 in the anhedonia model.
The decreased intake of 1% sucrose in the CMS groups was significantly attenuated 24 hours, 4 days, 6 days and 8 days after a single dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), but not of SB216763 (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Data show the mean±SEM (n = 8 or 9). **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 as compared to Control group.
Figure 4.
Effects of ketamine and SB216763 on control mice.
Behavioral tests in control mice were performed 3 hours and 24 hours after a single administration of vehicle, ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or SB216763 (2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.). (A): Locomotion: There were no differences between the five groups. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 14–16). (B) Tail-suspension test (TST): There were no differences between the five groups. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 13–16). (C) Forced swimming test (FST): There were no differences between the five groups. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 13–15). (D) Locomotion: There were no differences between the five groups. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 15 or 16). (E) Tail-suspension test (TST): Ketamine significantly (p = 0.001) decreased immobility time, 24 hours after administration. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 15 or 16). (C) Forced swimming test (FST): Ketamine significantly (p = 0.037) decreased immobility time, 24 hours after administration. Data show the mean±SEM (n = 15 or 16). *p<0.05, **p<0.01 as compared with the control group.