Table 1.
Details of the three male elephants released in Botswana and collaring dates.
Table 2.
Social groupings used in the analyses.
Table 3.
Activities recorded during half-hour focal observations; adapted from [64].
Table 4.
Mean distance (m±SE) of collared elephants from human habitation.
Figure 1.
Percentage of sightings for which the released and wild collared adolescent male elephants were in different social groupings (Table 2).
(a) total for the released and wild collared adolescent male elephants, and (b) for Mafunyane, Seba and Thando and wild collared adolescent males. n = number of independent sightings.
Figure 2.
Percentage of sightings for which the released and wild collared adolescent male elephants were with males of different age groups.
(a) all sightings with other male elephants, and (b) percentage of sightings of the released males with wild males. n = number of independent sightings.
Figure 3.
Median (±95% confidence limits) distance (m) of the focal elephant from its nearest neighbour averaged across each half-hour focal period.
The wild sample included both collared and uncollared adolescent males. n = number of focal samples.
Figure 4.
Percentage of time that the released and wild adolescent male elephants spent with males of different age classes as their nearest neighbour.
The wild sample included both collared and uncollared adolescent males. n = total number of observations of nearest neighbour during those focal periods where another male was present.
Figure 5.
Mean (+SE) number of all social interactions, greeting and sparring per half-hour focal of the released and wild adolescent male elephants.
The wild sample included both collared and uncollared adolescent males. n = number of focal periods when other elephants (both males and females) were present.
Figure 6.
Mean (+SE) number of vocalisations per half-hour focal of the released and wild adolescent male elephants.
The wild sample included both collared and uncollared adolescent males. n = number of focal periods.
Table 5.
Area used (100% MCPs and 95% kernels) and core area (70% kernels) for the released and wild collared adolescent male elephants.
Figure 7.
Bonferroni-adjusted confidence limits for the proportion of each habitat used (shaded boxes) compared to availability (dark lines) for all seasons combined.
(a) released males, and (b) wild collared adolescent males. n = number of GPS locations.