Figure 1.
Diagram of the true and false pelvis.
Inlet, midplane and outlet refer to the different planes of the birth canal (figure redrawn after [51], [65], [66]).
Table 1.
Population samples and institutions where material is hosted.
Figure 2.
Landmarks and inter-landmark distances.
Landmarks and linear distances used in the study are shown on right os coxae (lateral view shown on left, medial view shown on right).
Table 2.
Definition of landmarks used in this study.
Table 3.
Subsets of the original dataset used to test the accuracy of visual sex determination.
Figure 3.
Landmark configurations for regions of the os coxae associated with the false and true pelvis.
The acetabular region is included in both configurations.
Table 4.
Apportionment of genetic and phenotypic variance.
Figure 4.
Points of origin of human expansion tested in males (above) and females (below).
The origin that returned the highest correlation between phenotypic variance and geographic distance is highlighted with a larger dot. The origins that gave a regression model within 4 points of delta AIC from the best origin are highlighted by red dots. Americas not shown but included in analysis.
Figure 5.
Plot of within-population phenotypic variance on distance from the sub-Saharan African centre of origin for males (A) (r2 = 0.466; p-value <0.001) and females (B) (r2 = 0.305; p-value = 0.012) (Table 5). The difference between males and females disappears when equal numbers of populations (i.e. 19) are used for males (r2 = 0.292; p-value = 0.017) and females (r2 = 0.284; p-value = 0.019) (Table 5).
Table 5.
Results of linear regression models.