Figure 1.
The virtual water import-export balance (m3) for the years 1986, 1993, 2000 and 2010.
The total flux along the network has more than doubled, and the number of nodes net importing has risen from 127 to 149 with a corresponding decrease in net exporters from 104 to 72. As such the ratio of net importers to exporters has changed from 1.2 to 2.0.
Figure 2.
The virtual water import-export balance m3 per capita for the years 1986, 1993, 2000 and 2010.
Figure 3.
The degree (the sum of import and export connections) associated with each country for the years 1986, 1993, 2000, and 2010.
While countries in general are more connected, this increase has not been as significant in most African countries.
Table 1.
The top 5 net importers (top) and exporters (bottom) and their virtual water export import balance (1011 m3) for the years 1986, 1993, 2000 and 2010.
Figure 4.
The increase in virtual water trade and the percentage of the total virtual water flux in the network corresponding to plant, animals, luxury, and other commodities.
While there is an increase in the virtual water flux associated with all commodity categories, the fraction of the total flux associated with animals and other has decreased. There is a corresponding almost tripling of crop products and luxury products over the 25 year period with animal products and fibers increasing to a lesser extent.
Table 2.
The top 20 products and corresponding virtual water flux (1011 m3) for the years 1986, 1993, 2000 and 2010.
Figure 5.
Detailed virtual water trade (1011 m3) by commodity type for China (mainland), Germany, Italy and Japan.
Positive values refer to exports and negative values to imports. The insets indicate the percentage of virtual water imports or exports contributed by plant, animal, luxury and other products.
Figure 6.
Detailed virtual water trade (1011 m3) by commodity type for Brazil, India, The United States of America and Australia.
Positive values refer to exports and negative values to imports. The insets indicate the percentage of virtual water imports or exports contributed by plant, animal, luxury and other products.
Figure 7.
The Network associated with the top 50% of the virtual water flux for the years 1986, 1993, 2000 and 2010.
Color in the links based on the most prevalent commodity along the link in terms of total flux through the link. The heavy lines indicate the links which comprise the top 25% of the virtual water flux.
Table 3.
The top 5 net importers (left) and net exporters (right) and their virtual water export import balance (1011 m3) for the year 2010 in the four commodity type networks.
Table 4.
Parameters obtained by fitting a power law to import strength and IHDI values (si,imports = a IHDIib).
Figure 8.
Detailed virtual water trade (1010 m3) by commodity type for Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria and combined former USSR and Russian federation.
The insets indicate the percentage of virtual water imports or exports contributed by plant, animal, luxury and other products.