Table 1.
Group means (±SD) of the characteristics of the tennis players, swimmers, and sedentary controls.
Figure 1.
The stop-signal task consisted of go and stop trials. All trials began central fixation. Following offset of the central fixation, a white peripheral dot was presented to the left or right of the fixation. On 25% of the trials (stop trials), the central fixation dot reappeared as an instruction to withhold responses.
Figure 2.
The procedures for the experimental sessions.
Tennis players, swimmers and sedentary controls were firstly provided with informed consent, 7.-day physical activity recall questionnaire, and fitness questionnaire. Secondly, all eligible subjects took part in a stop-signal task consisted of three stages: get Go session, critical SSD session, and test session.
Figure 3.
Stop-signal reaction time calculation.
The figure illustrates the relation between stop signal delay, the stop signal reaction time and the distribution of go reaction times. The distribution of go reaction is integrated from the time of go signal presentation. For each stop signal delay, a probability of responding is obtained. If the stop signal delay of 50 ms resulted in an error rate = .20, this means that the end of the stop process should be at a point equal to 20% of the go RT distribution. If the point of 20% of the go RT distribution was 250 ms, so the observed SSRT would be 252–50 ms. The rest of the SSRT were calculated with the same procedure. A summary SSRT was acquired by averaging the observed three SSRTs that corresponded to 0.15<p(respond)<0.85 [28].
Table 2.
Correlation analysis for BMI, training experiences, estimated physical activity, estimated VO2max, group factors, and stop-signal reaction time.
Figure 4.
Mean Go RTs (in milliseconds) for each condition across tennis players, swimmers, and controls.
(a) No stop-signal condition. (b) Correct Go RTs in stop-signal condition. (c) Noncancelled Go RTs in stop-signal condition. Each error bar shows the standard error of the mean.
Figure 5.
Inhibitory control performance across tennis players, swimmers and controls.
(a) Mean stop-signal reaction times (b) Noncancelled rates (c) Inhibitory functions for each SSD. Each error bar shows the standard error of the mean. Note: **p<.01; ***p<.001.
Table 3.
Results of hierarchical stepwise regression analysis (n = 60).