Figure 1.
Map showing the four main color patterns and their putative models (left) and highly variable populations (right), in San Martin and Loreto provinces, Peru.
Photos on left-hand side show the four mimetic morphs of R. imitator and corresponding model species (denoted with “M”). Photos on right-hand side give examples of four transition zones (T1–T4) Black scale bars = 30 km.
Figure 2.
Visual representation of pattern divergence in length, width and area measurements.
Populations of phenotypically similar morphs are grouped with matching colored dots.
Figure 3.
Canonical Space for R. imitator morphs using an avian visual model for frog contrast estimates against a green background (Heliconius leaf).
Crosses represent the average canonical scores and the circles represent the 95% confidence ellipses for the four R. imitator morphs. The multivariate linear model included avian model estimates for brightness (B) and color contrast (C) of four body region reflectances (head, mid and lower dorsum, legs).
Figure 4.
Genetic structure as inferred with the program STRUCTURE (K = 4).
Different colors represent inferred multilocus genotypes (see text). Clusters are as follows: 1) Chumia/Shapaja/Tarapoto/Cainarachi Valley, 2) Chazuta, 3) Chipaota/Curiyacu/Callanayacu/Ricardo Palma/Achinamisa/Aguas Termales, 4) Sauce, 5) Varadero. Each individual frog is represented by a vertical line, which is partitioned into K +1 segments, with each color representing the individual’s membership coefficient to that group. Chazuta is presented as a separate population in this figure, as it shows a clearly intermediate genotype, but in the optimal grouping derived from STRUCTURE Chazuta is part of cluster 1 (Chumia/Shapaja/Tarapoto/Cainarachi Valley).
Table 1.
Rate of recent gene flow (m) derived from the program BAYESASS (Wilson & Ranala 2003).
Table 2.
Rates of historical gene flow (m) derived from the program MIGRATE (Beerli & Felsenstein 1999).
Figure 5.
Relative abundance of R. imitator vs. other sympatric species of Ranitomeya.
The yellow dot indicates which species is the putative model in that site. These data were obtained from sampling trips over the years 2004–2010 based primarily on field notes, photographic records, and mark-recapture surveys made by current and former lab members. Overall, 791 frogs were recorded, 671 of which were R. imitator.