Figure 1.
Broad range of AMP production in midgut barrier epithelium.
Individual levels of the six honey bee AMPs (Abaecin (n = 91), Hymenoptaecin (n = 91), Defensin 1 (n = 92), Defensin 2 (n = 91), Apidaecin (n = 92), and Apisimin (n = 92)) and the immune signaling protein Relish (n = 91) relative to β-actin in midgut tissue from both nurses and foragers from multiple hives. Boxes show 1st and 3rd interquartile range with line denoting medians. Whiskers encompass 95% of the individuals. Outliers are denoted with filled circles.
Figure 2.
Similar midgut barrier AMP expression in nurse and forager stages.
Individual levels of the six honey bee AMPs relative to β-actin in midgut tissue for Nurses (n = 46) and Foragers (n = 45), as assessed by behavior and location cues, for Abaecin (A), Hymenoptaecin (B), Defensin 1 (C), Defensin 2 (D), Apidaecin (E), and Apisimin (F) from the six trials. Boxes show 1st and 3rd interquartile range with line denoting medians. Whiskers encompass 95% of the individuals. Outliers are denoted with filled circles.
Figure 3.
NFκB-family transcriptional activators of the Toll and Imd pathways are similar in nurses and foragers.
Individual levels of Relish (A) and Dorsal-like 1a (B) relative to β-actin in midgut tissue from Nurses (n = 23) and Foragers (n = 22) from trials 1, 3, and 5. Boxes show 1st and 3rd interquartile range with line denoting medians. Whiskers encompass 95% of the individuals. Outliers are denoted with filled circles.
Figure 4.
Nurse and forager AMP expression in fatbody tissue.
Individual levels of the six honey bee AMPs relative to β-actin in abdominal tissue for Nurse and Foragers, as assessed by behavior and location cues, for Abaecin (A), Hymenoptaecin (B), Defensin 1 (C), Defensin 2 (D), Apidaecin (E), and Apisimin (F) from trials 3 and 4. Boxes show 1st and 3rd interquartile range with line denoting medians. Whiskers encompass 95% of the individuals. Outliers are denoted with filled circles.
Figure 5.
Differences in AMP expression between Nosema infected and non-infected bees are similar in nurse and foragers.
Levels of the six honey bee AMPs (Abaecin (n = 91), Hymenoptaecin (n = 91), Defensin 1 (n = 92), Defensin 2 (n = 91), Apidaecin (n = 92), and Apisimin (n = 92) relative to β-actin in midgut tissue from bees that were positive (+) or negative (−) for Nosema ceranae (A). Levels of Abaecin (B) and Apidaecin (C) relative to β-actin in midgut tissue from bees that were positive (+) or negative (−) for Nosema ceranae for all bees and split into nurses and foragers. Boxes show 1st and 3rd interquartile range with line denoting medians. Whiskers encompass 95% of the individuals. Outliers are denoted with filled circles.
Figure 6.
Differences in AMP expression based on level s of DWV and of all bacteria are similar in nurse and foragers.
Correlation of levels of Apidaecin (n = 92), with levels of DWV (A) and Defensin 1 (B) and Apidaecin (C), with levels of all bacteria (16S RNA).