Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of the Test of Attention in Listening (TAIL) and auditory processing tasks.
For TAIL, Backward and Simultaneous Masking, one example trial of stimulus presentation is plotted. For Frequency Discrimination, two trials are plotted. Abbreviations: In TAIL, F stands for frequency, L for location, S for same, and D for different. In auditory processing tasks, BM0 is Backward Masking with no silence gap between the target tone and the noise masker, BM50 is Backward Masking with a 50-ms silence gap between the target tone and the noise masker, SM is Simultaneous Masking with no spectral notch around the target tone, SMN is Simultaneous Masking with a spectral notch around the target tone, FD is Frequency Discrimination with a fixed standard tone, and FDR is Frequency Discrimination with a roving standard tone.
Figure 2.
TAIL performance for FL condition.
A. Mean reaction time (RT) on correct trials. B. RT difference indicating involuntary orientation to location (RT [different location] – RT [same location]) and conflict resolution (RT [same in one dimension and different in the other] –RT [same or different in both dimensions]). C. Mean error rate. D. Error rate difference indicating involuntary orientation to location and conflict resolution. Here and in the following figures, error bars for RTs are within-subject SEM [50] and error bars for RT differences are across-subject SEM.
Figure 3.
TAIL performance for LF condition.
A. Mean RT. B. RT difference indicating involuntary orientation to frequency (RT [different frequency] – RT [same frequency]) and conflict resolution (RT [same in one dimension and different in the other] – RT [same or different in both dimensions]). C. Mean error rate. D. Error rate difference indicating involuntary orientation to frequency and conflict resolution.
Figure 4.
Comparison of RT (row 1 and 3) and error rate (row 2 and 4) measures between the first and fourth blocks of the FL (A, n = 9) and the LF (B, n = 10) conditions in the listeners who performed that condition before the other condition.
Figure 5.
TAIL performance for Control condition.
A. Mean RT to the second tone. B. RT gain as a function of frequency constancy, location constancy, and dimension congruency.
Table 1.
Correlation between TAIL measures.
Figure 6.
TAIL results predicted auditory perception.
Correlations between conflict resolution (left column) and baseline RT (right column) with Frequency Discrimination (top row), Backward Masking (middle row), and Simultaneous Masking (bottom row). A fitted regression line (red dashed) was plotted only for the significant correlations.