Figure 1.
Relationships of PPARG co-activator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) with AMD-associated genes or their products.
Genes associated with AMD in extant studies are shaded in red. DHA = docosahexaenoic acid (a PPAR agonist). Diagram was generated with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® software. Full names for genes represented by symbols exist at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/. Direct effects of PPARGC1A are represented by blue arrows. Letters on the arrows represent the nature of evidence and are defined as follows: A = activation, E = expression, L = proteolysis, PP = protein-protein interaction, T = transcription.
Table 1.
Description of Cohorts.
Table 2.
Association results of PPARGC1A SNPs for NV AMD in three cohorts and in meta-analysis using multivariable models.
Table 3.
Summary of interaction analysis of PPARGC1A SNPs and SNPs in complement and VEGF genes for NV AMD in combined cohorts.
Figure 2.
Dietary treatment of ω-3 PUFA protects against pathologic retinal neovascularization.
C57 BL/6 mouse pups fed with ω-3 or ω-6 PUFA enhanced diet were exposed to oxygen-induced retinopathy. Retinas were flat mounted at postnatal day (P) 17 to visualize vasculature with contralateral retinas from the same mice isolated for gene array analysis. (a). Representative retina vasculature stained with isolectin B4 shows vaso-obliteration and pathologic neovascularization in ω-6 or ω-3 fed mice. (ω-6, n = 7 and ω-3, n = 8). Scale bar: 1mm. Quantification of (b) vaso-obliteration and (c) neovascularization in ω-6 or ω-3 fed mice. * P≤0.05, *** P≤0.001.