Table 1.
Effects of a HF diet on splenic and serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Table 2.
Effects of splenectomy on daily food intake, body weight, epididymal WAT weight, serum adiponectin levels, glucose and lipid metabolism.
Figure 1.
Effects of SPX on islets and fat accumulation in the pancreas.
(A) Representative images of insulin staining (left), Mallory-Azan staining (middle), and H&E staining (right) of pancreas sections from mice in each group. (B−E) Insulin staining area (B), intra-islet fibrosis area (C), intra-lobular fibrosis area (D), hydroxyproline content (E), α-SMA-positive cells (F), TG content (G) in the pancreas and serum leptin level (H) in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Standard-Sham group. Scale bar = 100 µm. Treatment groups: Standard-Sham, fed standard chow and sham-operated; Standard-SPX, fed standard chow and splenectomized.
Figure 2.
Effects of SPX on the infiltration of M1 and M2 macrophages and on inflammatory responses in the pancreas.
(A and B) Representative images of CD11c staining (left) and CD206 staining (right) in intra-islet areas (A) and intra-lobular areas (B) in pancreas sections from each group. (C−E) Percentage of CD11c-positive area (C) and CD206-positive area (D) and M1/M2 ratio (E) in intra-islet areas. (F−H) Percentage of CD11c-positive area (F) and CD206-positive area (G) and M1/M2 ratio (H) in intra-lobular areas. (J and K) Content of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (J) and interleukin (IL)-10/IL-1β ratio (K) in the pancreas in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Standard-Sham group. Scale bar = 100 µm. Treatment groups: Standard-Sham, fed standard chow and sham-operated; Standard-SPX, fed standard chow and splenectomized.
Figure 3.
Systemic administration of IL-10 diminishes SPX-induced alterations in pancreatic islets.
(A) Representative images of insulin staining (left) and Mallory-Azan staining (right) in pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 100 µm. (B−F) Insulin-staining area (B), intra-islet (C) and intra-lobular (D) fibrosis area, hydroxyproline content (E) and α-SMA-positive cells (F) in the pancreas in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Sham-Standard group, #P<0.05 vs. the Sham-HF group. Treatment groups: Standard-Sham, fed standard chow, given serum albumin, and sham-operated; HF-Sham, fed a HF diet, administered serum albumin, and sham-operated; HF-SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; HF-SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given IL-10, and splenectomized; Pair-fed, administered serum albumin, sham-operated, and fed the same amount of food as that consumed by the HF-SPX group.
Figure 4.
Systemic administration of IL-10 diminishes SPX-induced fat accumulation, infiltration of macrophages, and pro-inflammatory responses in the islets.
(A) Representative images of CD11c staining (upper sections) and CD206 staining (lower sections) in intra-islet areas in pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 100 µm. (B−D) CD11c-positive areas (B), CD206-positive areas (C), and M1/M2 ratios (D) in the islets in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Standard-Sham group, #P<0.05 vs. the HF-Sham group. (E) Serum levels of IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-10 in sham and SPX mice fed standard chow or a HF diet. *P<0.05 vs. the Standard-Sham group, #P<0.05 vs. the Standard-SPX group. (F) Serum cytokine changes relative to the Standard-Sham group. *P<0.05 vs. IL-1β and MCP-1. (G) Serum leptin levels in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Standard-Sham group, #P<0.05 vs. the HF-Sham group, $P<0.05 vs. the HF-SPX group. Treatment groups: Standard-Sham, fed standard chow, given serum albumin, and sham-operated; HF-Sham, fed a HF diet, administered serum albumin, and sham-operated; HF-SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; HF-SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given IL-10, and splenectomized; Pair-fed, administered serum albumin, sham-operated, and fed the same amount of food as that consumed by the HF-SPX group.
Figure 5.
Systemic administration of IL-10 diminishes SPX-induced fat accumulation, infiltration of macrophages, and pro-inflammatory responses in the pancreas.
(A) Representative images of H&E staining, oil-red O staining, CD11c staining, and CD206 staining in intra-lobular areas in pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 100 µm. (B−E) TG content (B), M1/M2 ratios (C), content of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (D), and IL-10/IL-1β ratios (E) in the pancreas of each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Standard-Sham group, #P<0.05 vs. the HF-Sham group. Treatment groups: Standard-Sham, fed standard chow, given serum albumin, and sham-operated; HF-Sham, fed a HF diet, administered serum albumin, and sham-operated; HF-SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; HF-SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given IL-10, and splenectomized; Pair-fed, administered serum albumin, sham-operated, and fed the same amount of food as that consumed by the HF-SPX group.
Figure 6.
SPX has little effect on changes in the pancreatic islets in IL-10-deficient mice.
(A) Representative images of insulin staining (left), Mallory-Azan staining (middle), and α-SMA staining (right) in pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 100 µm. (B−F) Insulin-staining area in the pancreas (B), intra-islet fibrosis area (C) and intra-lobular fibrosis area (D), hydroxyproline content (E) and α-SMA-positive cells (F) in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Sham group (wild-type or IL-10KO mice), #P<0.05 vs. SPX mice (wild-type). Treatment groups: Sham, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin and sham-operated; SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given recombinant mouse IL-10 and splenectomized. Wild-type, wild-type mice; IL-10KO, IL-10-deficient mice.
Figure 7.
SPX has little effect on fat accumulation in the pancreas in IL-10-deficient mice.
(A and B) Representative H&E staining (A) and oil-red O staining (B) in intra-lobular areas in pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 150 µm. (C and D) Pancreatic TG content (C) and serum leptin level (D) in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Sham group (wild-type or IL-10KO mice), #P<0.05 vs. SPX mice (wild-type). Treatment groups: Sham, fed a high-fat (HF) diet, given serum albumin and sham-operated; SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given recombinant mouse IL-10, and splenectomized. Wild-type, wild-type mice; IL-10KO, IL-10-deficient mice.
Figure 8.
SPX has little effect on the infiltration of macrophages in islets of IL-10-deficient mice.
(A and B) Representative images of CD11c staining (A) and CD206 staining (B) in intra-islet areas of pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 100 µm. (C−E) CD11c-positive areas (C), CD206-positive areas (D), and M1/M2 ratios (E) in the islets in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Sham group (wild-type or IL-10KO mice), #P<0.05 vs. SPX mice (wild-type). Treatment groups: Sham, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and sham-operated; SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given recombinant mouse IL-10, and splenectomized. Wild-type, wild-type mice; IL-10KO, IL-10-deficient mice.
Figure 9.
SPX has little effect on the infiltration of macrophages in intra-lobular area of IL-10-deficient mice.
(A and B) Representative images of CD11c staining (A) and CD206 staining (B) in intra-lobular areas in pancreas sections from each group. Scale bar = 100 µm. (C−E) CD11c-positive areas (C), CD206-positive areas (D), and M1/M2 ratios (E) in intra-lobular areas in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Sham group (wild-type or IL-10KO mice), #P<0.05 vs. SPX mice (wild-type). Treatment groups: Sham, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and sham-operated; SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given recombinant mouse IL-10, and splenectomized. Wild-type, wild-type mice; IL-10KO, IL-10-deficient mice.
Figure 10.
SPX has little effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pancreas of IL-10-deficient mice.
Pancreatic content of pro-inflammatory cytokines in each group (n = 6). *P<0.05 vs. the Sham group (wild-type or IL-10KO mice). Treatment groups: Sham, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and sham-operated; SPX, fed a HF diet, given serum albumin, and splenectomized; SPX+IL-10, fed a HF diet, given recombinant mouse IL-10, and splenectomized. Wild-type, wild-type mice; IL-10KO, IL-10-deficient mice.