Figure 1.
Radiological measurements of goat cervical spines.
A, Intervertebral angle (IVA) and lordosis angle (LA); B, anterior, middle, and posterior interverterbral height (aIVH, mIVH, and pIVH).
Figure 2.
Anatomical measurements of goat cervical spines.
A, Anterior vertebral body height (AVBH); B, AVBH, posterior vertebral body height (PVBH), vertebral pedicle height (VPH), upper and lower endplate angle (UEA and LEA); C, upper spinal cord depth and width (USCD and USCW), upper endplate depth and width (UED and UEW); D, lower spinal cord depth and width (LSCD and LSCW), lower endplate depth and width (LED and LEW).
Figure 3.
Scheme diagram and photos of the ACVC.
A, Scheme diagram of the ACVC; B, actual photo of frontal view of the ACVC components; C, actual photo of lateral view of the ACVC components; D, actual photo of frontal view of the ACVC integer; F, actual photo of lateral view of the ACVC integer.
Figure 4.
In vitro ACVC implantation in goat cervical spines.
A, C2/3 and C3/4 discectomies; B, C3 subtotal corpectomy; C, fixation of ACVC; D and E, anterior-posterior and lateral X-ray films after the ACVC implantation.
Figure 5.
Biomechanical testing of ACVC implanted C1–C5 segments using a MTS machine.
Figure 6.
Surgical procedures for ACVC implantation through anterior approach in goat.
A, The goat in a neutral supine position and the transverse incision at the C3 level; B, cutting the longus colli muscle; C, exposing the anterior surface of C2-4; D, C3 subtotal corpectomy using high-speed burr; E, filling the autologous bone into the hollow structure; F, affixing the ACVC with four screws.
Table 1.
Intervertebral angle (IVA) and lordosis angle (LA) for goat and human cervical spines in the neutral position.
Table 2.
Intervertebral angle (IVA) and lordosis angle (LA) for goat and human cervical spines in flexion.
Table 3.
Intervertebral angle (IVA) and lordosis angle (LA) for goat and human cervical spines in extension.
Table 4.
Total motion of the intervertebral angle (IVA) and lordosis angle (LA) (extension minus flexion) for goat and human cervical spines.
Table 5.
Intervertebral height (IVH) of goat and human cervical spines.
Table 6.
Anatomical data of goat cervical spines (mean ± SD).
Figure 7.
X-ray films before and after the in vivo ACVC implantation.
A, Lateral X-ray film before the ACVC implantation; B, lateral X-ray film 3 weeks after the ACVC implantation; C, lateral X-ray film 6 weeks after the ACVC implantation; D, lateral X-ray film 12 weeks after the ACVC implantation.
Figure 8.
CT images of a goat in the ACVC group in vivo.
A, CT image before the ACVC implantation shows the normal cervical spine; B, CT image 6 weeks after the ACVC implantation shows the location of ACVC in goat cervical spine; C, transverse image at the level of C3 6 weeks after the ACVC implantation shows the bony C3 vertebra hold the vertebral body component of the ACVC; D, transverse image at the level of C4 6 weeks after the ACVC implantation shows the screws went through the vertebral body of C4.
Figure 9.
T2 weighted sagittal MR images of a goat in the ACVC group in vivo.
A, MR image before the ACVC implantation shows the normal goat cervical spine ; B, MR image shows an artifact from the C2 to C4 vertebrae after the ACVC implantation.
Table 7.
Ranges of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) profiles of the C2 to C4 segments of the control group and the ACVC group before and after the fatigue test in all directions in in vitro ACVC implantation.
Table 8.
Ranges of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) profiles of the C2 to C4 segments of the control group and the ACVC group before and after the fatigue test in all directions in in vivo ACVC implantation.
Table 9.
Ranges of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) profiles of the C2 to C4 segments of the control group in in vivo implantation, the ACVC in vitro implantation group and the ACVC in vivo implantation group before the fatigue test in all directions.