Figure 1.
Collection localities for genetic samples of scorpions in the Vaejovis vorhiesi group included in this study.
White squares indicate type localities of described species (see Table 1), and grey line indicates approximate known distribution of the group.
Table 1.
Collection data for genetic samples of scorpions in the Vaejovis vorhiesi group.
Figure 2.
Mitochondrial phylogeny of scorpions in the Vaejovis vorhiesi group.
Phylogeny inferred from Bayesian analyses of 1258 bp of concatenated COI and 16S mitochondrial sequence data. Posterior probability support values for nodes are indicated by coded dots explained in the figure legend. Inferred lineages are indicated by black bars. Samples used in species tree reconstruction are indicated in bold font. Localities of haplotypes are listed in Table 1. Inset depicts the geographical localities of putative sister species of montane Vaejovis isolated on opposite sides of the Sea of Cortez. The divergence of these two species caused by the split of the Cape region of Baja California from mainland Mexico was used to calibrate the molecular clock.
Figure 3.
Tempo of diversification for scorpions in the Vaejovis vorhiesi group.
(a) Time-calibrated species tree reconstructed using multilocus data. Numbers denote major geographical clades. These clades are mapped across the landscape in Figure 4. Bars indicate 95% highest posterior densities. Divergence times and posterior probability support values are provided in Figure S2. (b) Lineage through time plots derived from mtDNA and multilocus estimates of divergence dates. Birth–death likelihood analyses suggest a rate-variable density-dependent rate of diversification though time for both datasets. Approximate timing of major geological and climatic events that changed the landscape of southwestern North American are delineated, with time shown in millions of years (Ma). Pleist. = Pleistocene, QT = Quaternary.
Figure 4.
Geography of diversification among scorpions in the Vaejovis vorhiesi group.
Color-coded dots, representing each of the six major geographical clades, are shown on the multilocus species tree (see Figure 3). Three lineages not within inferred major clades are labeled on the map. Sample names for each locality are provided in Figure 1. Gray bar indicates the approximate location of the Mogollon Rim.