Figure 1.
Increased collagen synthesis in muscle and submucosa in fibrotic CD tissue.
Full thickness sections of formalin fixed tissue stained with Haematoxylin van Geisens. Collagen is stained bright pink and nuclei are grey. (A) Cancer control (colon), (B) Inflamed UC (C) Uninvolved Crohn’s disease (terminal ileum) and (D) Crohn’s disease with stricture (terminal ileum) (stitched image). Arrows show dense collagen deposits in outer muscle layers. Dotted line defines the outer muscle/sub-mucosa (sm) border. Images captured with ×2.5 objective. Bars represent 1 mm.
Figure 2.
Fibrogenesis is increased in CD muscle and mucosa tissues, without concomitant MMP-2 synthesis in muscle.
Tissue fragments were extracted and analysed by ELISA (collagen CICP synthesis, IL-1β, MMP-1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2) or zymography (MMP-2, MMP-9). Data are expressed as the ratio of the group mean for uUC, iUC, uCD or fCD to the mean for cancer control tissue for each parameter. Data are derived from 14–15 cancer controls, 3 uUC, 8 iUC, 8–12 uCD and 14–21 fCD patients. See Table S4 for actual means and SEM for each parameter. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 to cancer controls.
Figure 3.
IL-13 transcription, but not IL-13Rα2 transcription, is increased fibrotic muscle.
(A) IL-13 mRNA and (B) IL-13 Rα2 mRNA in muscle tissue lysates. RNA was extracted from tissue fragments and processed for qPCR. Results were normalized to four stably expressed housekeeper genes. Data are derived from 14–15 cancer controls, 2 uUC, 8 iUC, 8–12 uCD and 14–21 fCD patients. Significant differences from fibrotic CD, *p<0.05.
Figure 4.
IL-13 receptors are expressed on smooth muscle cells and neurofilaments in CD strictures.
Frozen sections were processed for double immunoflorescence. (Panel A) double labeling for IL-13 Rα1 and Rα2 in intestinal muscle tissue, arrows show double-stained cells, arrowheads show cells expressing Rα1 only at a very high level. Boxed area is shown as the colour image and its monochrome split. (B) Co-staining of IL-13Rα1 and neurofilament (NF) (green) and the monochrome split images. A,B, ×20 images.
Figure 5.
Mononuclear cells expressing very high levels of IL-13Rα1 co-express CD45, KIR and CD56.
Images of frozen, immunostained tissue were captured using a 12 bit monochrome camera and images from the different colour channels combined to form two or three colour images. Multicoloured composites D and E, have been split into their original monochrome images to aid interpretation. Arrows show Rα1 co-localising with other markers. 13Rα1 co-localises with CD45 (A) but not mast cell tryptase (B) or CD3 (C). Panel D, 13Rα1 (green), 13Rα2 (red) and KIR (blue), plus split images for 13Rα1, 13Rα2 and KIR, note that 13Rα2 does not colocalise with 13Rα1+KIR+ cells (arrows). Panel E, 13Rα1 (green), KIR (red) and CD56 (blue). Split image shows a cell expressing all three markers (arrow), note there is also a strongly KIR-expressing cell (bottom left of image) which does not express 13Rα1 or CD56 A–C, ×40 images, D and E, ×64 images. Representative images from 8 patient samples.
Figure 6.
IL-13Rα1 and KIR expressing-cells are increased in fibrotic CD, particularly in the muscle, by image analysis of immunostained frozen tissue sections.
(A) Total number of mononuclear cells/field expressing very high levels of Rα1 and no co-expression of Rα2 in muscle tissue (**p<0.01 to fCD), n = 8 for all groups except n = 3 for uUC. (B) Distribution of cells expressing very high levels of KIR in involved CD tissue. Data are the mean+SD of from 3 patients (20 images/patient), (*p<0.01 all comparisons).
Figure 7.
IL-13 is co-localises with IL-13Rα1 in fCD muscle.
Double labeling, in frozen fibrotic CD tissue sections, for IL-13 (green) and IL-13Rα1 (red) and split monochrome images (×20).
Table 1.
KIR+ cells in fibrotic muscle tissue synthesise IL-13.
Figure 8.
IL-13 activates smooth muscle cells, but not KIR+ cells, in tissue explants.
Tissue explants were cultured with or without IL-13 for 1–24 h. Explants were then snap frozen and processed for Western blotting or immunoflorescence. (A–C) IL-13 signaling in explanted intestinal muscle tissue. (A) Time course for activation of STAT6 by Western blotting or (BC) by immunofluorescence in cancer control tissue. Arrowheads indicate positive nuclei, arrow indicates autoflorescence. (D–F) Double labeling for KIR and PSTAT6 (Panel D), STAT6 (Panel E), or Rα1 (Panel F) in fibrotic CD explanted tissue after 2 h incubation with IL-13. Arrows show KIR+ cells which colocalise with IL-13Rα1 but not with PSTAT6 or STAT6. A and C, ×64, B, ×20.
Figure 9.
TGF-β drives co-ordinate collagen synthesis and pro-MMP-2 synthesis in intestinal muscle fibroblasts, whereas IL-13 has no effect on collagen synthesis and suppresses proMMP-2, in lines derived from uninvolved CD or UC tissue.
(A) Western blots showing phosphorylation of STAT6 by primary fibroblasts in response to exogenous IL-13. Representative blot from 6 experiments. (B) Effect of IL-13, TNF-α and/or TGF-β on collagen, MMP-2 or TGF-β synthesis in primary fibroblasts, Data represent the mean+SEM of the ratio of treated to untreated cultures from a minimum of 8 separate experiments. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 compared to untreated cultures. (C) Effect of IL-13 and/or TNF-α on pro-MMP-1 synthesis. Data represent the mean+SEM of the ratio of treated to untreated cultures from 8 separate experiments. **p<0.01 IL-13+TNF-α compared to TNF-α- or IL-13-stimulated cultures. (D) Zymogram showing the effect of IL-13, TNF-α and/or TGF-β on MMP-2 and MMP-9 synthesis (pMMP = pro MMP, aMMP = active MMP) (lane 1, untreated; lane 2, TGF-β; lane 3, IL-13; lane 4, TNF-α lane 5, TNF-α+IL-13; lane 6, TGF-β+IL-13; lane 7, MMP-2 standard).