Table 1.
Total yearly inputs of anthropogenic nutrient loads into the GBR, 1[2], 2[121].
Table 2.
The level of nutrients in ambient (non flood) waters, reported from Pelorus Island from 2005–2011 1[4].
Figure 1.
MDS (multidimensional scaling) ordination of bacterial communities amongst samples as derived from 16S rRNA-DGGE profiles.
Banding patterns were transformed into a presence (scored as 1)/absence (scored as 0) matrix. MDS plots were generated using distance matrices to represent the relative distance between individual samples. Colours represent nutrient treatments: blue = control, green = ambient, yellow = low and red = medium nutrient level exposure. Crosses represent 27°C-exposed sponges and squares represent 31°C-exposed sponges. T = day of sampling and REC = recovery period (ambient nutrient levels and seawater temperatures). The final stress value of the plot was 0.21. Cluster analyses for similarity are indicated by colored contours at 80–85% similarity.
Figure 2.
Distribution of 454 amplicon reads per phylum across nutrient/temperature treatments.
The number of reads per phylum is calculated as a percentage of the total reads in each sample. Samples are grouped in replicates (A, B, C), according to nutrient (ambient or medium)/temperature exposure (27 or 31°C) and ordered by sampling date (Days 0 and 7). *SAUL (sponge-associated unidentified lineage [87]). NA (not assigned).
Figure 3.
Heatmap of the 50 OTUs (from Day 7) with the largest negative or positive fold-change from Day 0 controls.
Averages of three replicates were used for fold-change calculations. Treatment (ambient or medium nutrient exposure/27°C or 31°C) values were divided by the relevant control values (Day 0). Fold-changes were Log (base 2)-transformed, so that positive (increases in relative abundance) and negative values (decreases) were weighted equally. Key: Black squares representing no change from control value, red scale representing positive fold changes, blue scale representing negative fold changes and white squares indicating no data in control or treatment.
Figure 4.
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree from analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of archaeal clone libraries.
The tree is constructed based on long (≥1200 bp) sequences only; shorter sequences were added using the parsimony interactive tool in ARB and are indicated by dashed lines. Filled circles indicate bootstrap support (maximum parsimony, with 1000 resamplings) of ≥90%, and open circles represent ≥75% support. Bar, 10% sequence divergence. Sequences from medium nutrient clone library are in red and ambient library in green. Blue sequences represent archaea previously reported from healthy R. odorabile (Webster et al., 2001). The proportion of each OTU from treatment libraries (red or green) are in parentheses.
Figure 5.
MDS (multidimensional scaling) ordination of R. odorabile -derived archaeal amoA genes as derived from DGGE profiles.
Banding patterns were transformed into a presence (scored as 1)/absence (scored as 0) matrix. MDS plots were generated using distance matrices to represent the relative distance between individual samples. Colours represent nutrient treatments: blue = control, green = ambient, yellow = low and red = medium nutrient level exposure. Crosses represent 27°C-exposed sponges and squares represent 31°C-exposed sponges. T = day of sampling and REC = recovery period (ambient nutrient levels and seawater temperatures). The final stress value of the plot was 0.18. Cluster analyses for similarity are indicated by colored contours at 70–80% similarity.
Figure 6.
MDS (multidimensional scaling) ordination of the eukaryotic microbial communities of R. odorabile as derived from DGGE profiles.
Banding patterns were transformed into a presence (scored as 1)/absence (scored as 0) matrix. MDS plots were generated using distance matrices to represent the relative distance between individual samples. Colours represent nutrient treatments: blue = control, green = ambient, yellow = low and red = medium nutrient level exposure. Crosses represent 27°C-exposed sponges, squares represent 31°C-exposed sponges and T = day of sampling. The final stress value of the plot was 0.03. Cluster analyses for similarity are indicated by colored contours at 75–80% similarity.