Figure 1.
The distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups around the world.
1A. A map of Africa with haplogroups L0–L2 and L4–L6 within Africa. L3 has five lineages within Africa, but the M and N spread out of Africa to the rest of the world, see Behar et al. [21]. 1B. The main mitochondrial lineages found in Near and Remote Oceania (data from whole genome studies).
Table 1.
Locations for ancestral maternal lineages.
Figure 2.
The dataset has 36 mitochondrial genomes including all eight Q3 sequences, 17 Q1, three Q2 genomes from Friedlaender et al. [28], one from Hudjashov et al. [36], together with the seven additional Q2a genomes reported here. The network has been proved the shortest possible (the minimum number of mutations) by using the techniques in Pierson et al. [40]. Differences in branching between the four equally parsimonious trees occur in the Q3 subgroup.
Figure 3.
The Q2 haplogroup tree, including seven new Q2a mitochondrial genomes identified in larger type.
The figure is a branch-labeled phylogeny of the Q2 haplogroup. Unless otherwise indicated, the base changes shown are transitions from the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS, [48]). A transversion is indicated by ‘tv’, for example 228 GtvT is a transversion from guanine to thymine at position 228 on the basal lineage leading to Q2. Changes in RNA genes are shown by suffixes: ‘∼r’ for ribosomal genes, and ‘∼t’ for tRNA genes. Those in italics represent reversions to the same base as the rCRS. Non-synonymous changes within protein-coding genes are described by three-letter amino acid codes following the base number in square brackets. For example, ala-thr represents an amino acid change from alanine to threonine resulting from the substitution at that nucleotide. Deletions are marked by ‘del’. An asterisk indicates the position required more than one step in the parsimony analysis (see Fig. 2). Positions requiring recurrent mutations within the tree have a bracketed number following the description indicating the first and second changes at the site. The changes relative to the rCRS at the M vertex are: 73G, 263G, 489C, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 4769G, 7028T, 8701G, 8860G, 9540C, 10398G, 10400T, 10873C, 11719A, 12705T, 14766T, 14783C, 15043A, 15301A, 15326G, 16223T.