Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables and verbal fluency performances.
Figure 1.
Gray matter volume differences in Broca’s area using Freesurfer (A) and in whole brain using voxel-based morphometry (B) across groups using ANOVA.
HC, healthy controls; UHR, ultra-high risk; SZ, schizophrenia; SMA, supplementary motor area; PreC, precentral cortex; mSFC, medial superior frontal cortex; IFC, inferior frontal cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; IPC, inferior parietal cortex; THAL, thalamus; LING, lingual gyrus; CER, cerebellum.
Figure 2.
Functional connectivity maps for each group of healthy controls (A), individuals at ultra-high risk for developing psychosis (B), and schizophrenia patients (C), and common neural network across groups generated by performing a conjunction analysis (D).
Warm and cold color indicate positive and negative connectivity with each seed region, respectively. HC, healthy controls, UHR, ultra-high risk; SZ, schizophrenia; LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere; Ant, anterior; Post, posterior; Med, medial; Lat, lateral.
Figure 3.
Brain regions showing group differences in functional connectivity.
Blue and red color show significant regions before and after atrophy correction, respectively. Pink color shows overlap regions between significant regions before and after atrophy correction. Graphs depicted below represent average functional connectivity in each region of interest. An ROI (a) defined as the regions (5 mm radius sphere centered at the peak coordinate) showing quadratic trend in FC across three groups in voxel-wise manner and ROIs (b-h) are defined as the regions (5 mm radius spheres centered at the peak coordinates) showing significant differences in FC between HC and SZ in voxel-wise manner. We extracted the value in each ROI using MarsBaR software (http://marsbar.sourceforge.net/) and then performed ANOVA and post-hoc t-tests with Bonferroni correction as well as trend analyses using SPSS (refer to Table S1). LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere; HC, healthy controls; UHR, ultra-high risk; SZ, schizophrenia; AIS, anterior insula; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; VLPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; mSFC, medial superior frontal cortex; SMC, supramarginal cortex.
Table 2.
Group differences in functional connectivity.
Figure 4.
Correlation of functional connectivity with cognitive performance and positive symptom.
Combined group data (black line), collapsed across groups, and SZ group data (orange line) showed significant correlation between functional connectivity and cognitive performance. LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere; HC, healthy controls(blue circle); UHR, ultra-high risk(green circle); SZ, schizophrenia(orange circle); PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.