Figure 1.
Location map of the Iharkút locality in Hungary.
“X” marks the locality.
Figure 2.
Geology of the Iharkút locality.
Hypothetical geological section and detailed partial stratigraphic column at the most important SZ-6 site.
Figure 3.
Holotype of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus.
Quadrate (MTM 2011.43.1.) in lateral (A), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. Scale bar represents 1 cm.
Figure 4.
Skeletal anatomy of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus.
A: skull drawing shows known elements in grey. B: skeletal reconstruction showing preserved bones in white. C: premaxilla (MTM 2007.25.1.) in dorsal view. D: right maxilla (MTM 2007.29.1.) in lingual view. E: left postorbitofrontal (MTM 2007.28.1.) in dorsal view. F: right quadrate (MTM 2011.43.1.) in lateral view. G: left dentary (MTM 2007.37.1.) in lingual view. H: isolated teeth without and with base preserved. I: left splenial (MTM 2011.41.1.) in lingual view. J: right coronoid (MTM 2007.23.1.) in lingual view. K: left angular (MTM 2007.36.1.) in labial view. L: right surangular (MTM 2007.30.1.) in labial view. M: left articular (MTM 2007.39.1.) in dorsal view. N: mid-cervical vertebra (MTM V.01.149.) in lateral view. O: dorsal vertebra (MTM V.01.222.) in dorsal view. P: first sacral vertebra (MTM Gyn/122.) in dorsal view. Q: second sacral vertebra (MTM Gyn/121.) in dorsal view. R: anterior caudal vertebra (MTM Gyn/104.) in lateral view. S: rib fragment (MTM 2007.89.1.) in dorsolateral view. T: proximal end of left humerus (MTM 2007.42.1.) in flexor view. U: distal end of right humerus (MTM 2011.42.1.) in flexor view. V: left ilium (MTM 2007.40.1) in lateral view. All known elements of Pannoniasaurus are isolated bones from multiple individuals and many are known as multiple specimens but only one is figured. Vertebrae and ribs not figured in (B) symbolize that no complete series has been found. Scale bars represent 1 cm (A, C-V) and 1 meter (B).
Figure 5.
Skull and lower jaw elements, and teeth of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus.
Premaxilla (MTM 2007.25.1.) in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and right lateral (C) views. Right maxilla (MTM 2007.29.1.) in lingual (D) and labial (E) views. Left postorbitofrontal (MTM 2007.28.1.) in dorsal (F), ventral (G), and medial (H) views. Left dentary (MTM 2007.37.1.) in lingual (I) and occlusal (J) views. Isolated teeth isolated teeth without and with base preserved (K). Left splenial (MTM 2011.41.1.) in medial (L) and posterior (M) views. Left coronoid (MTM 2007.23.1.) in lateral (N) and medial (O) views. Right angular (MTM 2007.36.1.) in lateral (P) and anterior (Q) views. Right surangular (MTM 2007.30.1.) in lateral (R) and medial (S) views. Right articular (MTM 2007.39.1.) in dorsal view. Scale bars represent 1 cm.
Figure 6.
Cervical and dorsal vertebrae and first sacral vertebra of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus.
Mid-cervical vertebra (MTM V.01.149.) in left lateral (A), and ventral (B) views. Posterior cervical vertebra (MTM V.2000.19.) in anterior (C), posterior (D), and dorsal (E) views. Dorsal vertebra (MTM V.01.222.) in anterior (F), posterior (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and right lateral (J) views. Dorsal vertebra (MTM Gyn/114.) exhibiting precondylar constriction in dorsal (K) view. first sacral vertebra (MTM Gyn/122.) in anterior (L), posterior (M), dorsal (N), ventral (O), and left lateral (P) views. Scale bars represent 1 cm.
Figure 7.
Second sacral vertebra, caudal vertebrae, rib, humerus, and ilium of Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus.
second sacral vertebra (MTM Gyn/121.) in anterior (A), posterior (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), and left lateral (E) views. Anterior caudal vertebra (MTM Gyn/104.) in anterior (F), and right lateral (G) views. Anterior caudal vertebra (MTM 2007.46.1.) in ventral view (H). Posterior caudal vertebra (MTM 2007.99.1.) in left lateral view (I). Left rib fragment (MTM 2007.89.1.) in lateral view (J). Proximal end of left humerus (MTM 2007.42.1.) in flexor view (K). Distal end of right humerus (MTM 2011.42.1.) in flexor (L), extensor (M) and distal (N) views. Left ilium (MTM 2007.40.1) in lateral (O) and medial (P) views. Scale bars represent 1 cm.
Figure 8.
Three most parsimonious trees from phylogenetic analysis.
Length = 374, CI = 0.4679, RI = 0.7375, HI = 0.5508; using 135 morphological characters and 32 taxa of mosasauroids.
Figure 9.
Strict consensus tree from phylogenetic analysis.
Consensus tree from three most parsimonious trees (length = 374, CI = 0.4679, RI = 0.7375, HI = 0.5508) based on taxon-character matrix of 135 morphological characters and 32 taxa of mosasauroids. A: Mosasaurinae. B: Tethysaurinae. C: Halisaurinae. D: Tylosaurinae+Plioplatecarpinae.
Figure 10.
Convergent evolution of hydropelvia sensu Caldwell and Palci [4].
Dark grey box indicates the new aigialosaur clade Tethysaurinae. Black mosasaur images indicate the convergent evolution of mosasaur traits from two separate lineages of aigialosaurs: Dallasaurus turneri is the sistergroup to the mosasaurine “mosasaurs” (A), and Haasiasaurus gittelmani is the sistertaxon to halisaurine, tylosaurine and plioplatecarpine “mosasaurs” (B).