Figure 1.
2D view of the PA geometry.
Figure 2.
Plots of molar extinction coefficient for oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2), hemoglobin (Hb, commonly referred to as deoxy-hemoglobin) and hemozoin (Hmz) molecules.
The curve for Hmz is further shown in the inset to highlight its characteristic features. Molar extinction coefficients at different optical wavelengths for the Hmz were estimated from curve a, left panel of Fig. 1 of [9].
Figure 3.
Simulated 2D tissue realizations with randomly placed non-overlapping RBCs under periodic boundary conditions.
(a) Normal stage. (b) Ring stage. (c) Trophozoite stage. (d) Schizont stage. Each big circle in each figure represents a RBC and vacuoles are denoted by the inner circles. A 40% area fraction is occupied by the RBCs in each figure. As the time progresses, size of a vacuole increases and the quantity of hemoglobin in a cell decreases. For better visualization, 2D tissue configurations are shown but simulations have been carried out for 3D spatial distributions of cells.
Table 1.
Estimated values of cellular optical absorption coefficient at different stages of infection.
Figure 4.
The NBL PA signal properties as a function of malarial infection for 434 nm incident illuminating radiation.
(a) A representative wide bandwidth PA RF line computed from a 3D spatially random distribution of healthy RBCs. Associated signal envelope is also shown in this figure. (b) Plots of mean power spectrum for different samples. (c) The variation of mean signal amplitude as a function of intraerythrocytic stage of malarial parasite.
Figure 5.
The variation of the NBL PA signal features with parasite growth when illuminated by 700 nm optical radiation.
(a) A representative wide bandwidth PA RF line computed from a 3D spatially random distribution of normal RBCs. Associated signal envelope is also shown in this figure. (b) Plots of mean power spectrum for different samples. (c) The variation of mean signal amplitude with parasitic stage.
Figure 6.
The BL PA signals for various receivers when probed with 434 nm laser beam.
(a) Illustration of a bandlimited PA RF line along with its envelope computed from a 3D spatially random distribution of healthy RBCs. A transducer with 15 MHz as the center frequency and 60% bandwidth was used in this case. (b) Same as (a) but for a 50 MHz transducer. (c) The variation of peak signal amplitude as a function of parasitic stage for each transducer.
Figure 7.
The BL PA signals for different transducers for 700 nm incident optical beam.
(a) Illustrations of a bandlimited PA RF line and its envelope computed from a 3D spatially random distribution of healthy RBCs. A transducer with 15 MHz as the center frequency and 60% bandwidth was used in this case. (b) Same as (a) but for a 50 MHz transducer. (c) The variation of peak signal amplitude with the development of malarial parasites inside the host cells for each transducer.
Figure 8.
PA evaluation of number of intracellular Hmz molecules with respect to that of Hb.