Figure 1.
Distribution of deer and estimated ranges for specific deer subspecies in California. Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) are considered genetically distinct. For the purpose of this analysis, the 4 mule deer subspecies; California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus californicus), Inyo mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus inyoensis), Southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus) and Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were grouped into one “Mule deer” category. Desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus eremicus) were analyzed separately due to their distinct ecology. Adapted from: California Department of Fish and Game (1999): A Sportsman’s guide to improving deer habitat in California (http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/deer/sportsmanguide.html).
Figure 2.
Seroprevalences by deer assessment unit (area).
Ranges of average seroprevalences for bluetongue viruses (BTV), epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Leptospira spp. and Anaplasma spp. among deer sampled between 1990 and 2007 in 11 deer assessment units (areas) in California.
Table 1.
Unadjusted prevalence (%) by year, age, sex and subspecies of serologic positive status for BTV, EHDV, BVDV, Leptospira spp., Anaplasma spp., and Brucella spp. among deer sampled between 1990 and 2007 in 11 deer assessment units (areas) in California.
Figure 3.
Seroprevalences by three year periods.
Seroprevalence of bluetongue viruses (BTV), epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Leptospira spp. and Anaplasma spp. among California deer in three year intervals from 1990 to 2007.
Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regression model for exposure to bluetongue virus (BTV) and enzootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) among deer sampled at 11 deer assessment units (areas) in California between 1990 and 2007.
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression model for exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Anaplasma spp. among deer sampled at 11 deer assessment units (areas) in California between 1990 and 2007.
Table 4.
Multivariate logistic regression model for exposure to Leptospira spp. among deer subspecies sampled between 1990 and 2007 in California.
Figure 4.
Seroprevalence of BVDV by deer assessment unit (area).
Ranges of average bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) seroprevalences among deer sampled between 1990 and 2007 in 11 deer assessment units (areas) in California. The distribution of public rangeland and cattle grazing land is also shown. Source: US Forest Service (http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/rsl/clearinghouse/gis-download.shtml).