Figure 1.
Maps showing the study area in Yamal, Russia.
A) the study area divided into four study plots with the extent of the five different habitat types, B) the location of Erkuta tundra monitoring site in southern Yamal and C) the location of Yamal in the Eurasian Arctic with the five arctic bioclimatic subzones as used by Walker et al. (2005).
Table 1.
Characteristics of the five habitat types used to determine bird-habitat associations in southern Yamal, Russia.
Table 2.
Mean annual densities (pairs/km2 with standard errors based on variation among years) of birds observed at the Erkuta monitoring site in 2002–2009 by habitat type.
Figure 2.
Correspondence analysis of bird communities of southern Yamal, Russia.
Species scores (upper left), variation between years (upper right), habitats (bottom left) and plots (bottom right). Ellipses describe the variability within habitats and plots and have an approximate 67% confidence level. Habitat and species codes are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Figure 3.
Relative abundance of each species across habitats.
Correspondence analysis is used to define the coordinates of each plot-habitat-year observation, and different colours indicate different habitats (orange – upland open tundra, red – upland shrub tundra, brown – lowland shrub tundra, blue – lowland marshes and green – willow thickets). The size of the circles is proportional to the abundance of the given species in the respective plot-habitat-year.
Figure 4.
Comparison of the bird communities in five habitat types.
UOT – Upland open tundra, UST – upland shrub tundra, LST – lowland shrub tundra, LM – lowland marshes, WT – willow thickets. A) Community specialization index, B) proportion of birds belonging to species with a southern distribution, C) proportion of birds belonging to species with a subarctic distribution and D) proportion of birds belonging to widespread species.
Table 3.
Bird densities and species diversity in five different habitats of the shrub tundra of southern Yamal, Russia.