Figure 1.
Feeding period restriction scheme for the three feeding groups in this study.
The ad libitum (AL) group was freely exposed to food; the feeding restricted to day time (RF Day) group could access food only during daytime; and the pair-feeding at night (PF Night) group was given the same amount of food as the RF Day group but only at night. Mice were fed with a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). The light was turned on at ZT0 and turned off at ZT12. At ZT2 and ZT14, mice were sacrificed to prepare tissues and harvest blood samples.
Figure 2.
Feeding period restriction does not change body weight gain.
A, B: Body weight gain or total body weight of AL, RF Day, and PF Night NCD-fed mice. C: Total food intake in NCD-fed AL and RF Day mice. D, E: Body weight gain or total body weight of AL, RF Day, and PF Night HFD-fed mice. F: Total food intake in HFD-fed AL and RF Day mice. G: Ad libitum calorie intake during day and night with NCD and HFD feeding. Each bar represents mean ± SD of each group of mice (n = 6), *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
Figure 3.
Daytime feeding changes expression of circadian clock genes in the liver but not in the hypothalamus.
A: Hepatic and hypothalamic Bmal1, Per2, and Clock gene expression profiles in AL, RF Day, and PF Night NCD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. B: Hepatic and hypothalamic Bmal1, Per2, and Clock gene expression profiles in AL, RF Day, and PF Night HFD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. All RNA samples are normalized to TBP mRNA. Each bar represents mean ± SD of each group of mice (n = 3), *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
Figure 4.
Feeding period restriction changes the expression of metabolic genes.
A: Expression profiles of lipogenic genes such as SREBP1c and FASN in AL, RF Day, and PF Night NCD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. B: Expression profiles of lipogenic genes such as SREBP1c and FASN in AL, RF Day, and PF Night HFD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. C: Expression profiles of the gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and G6Pase in AL, RF Day, and PF Night NCD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. D: Expression profiles of the gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and G6Pase in AL, RF Day, and PF Night HFD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. E: Expression profiles of the fatty acid oxidation genes PPARα and CPT1 in AL, RF Day, and PF Night NCD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. F: Expression profiles of the fatty acid oxidation genes PPARα and CPT1 in AL, RF Day, and PF Night HFD-fed mice at ZT2 and ZT14. All RNA samples are normalized to TBP mRNA. Each bar represents mean ± SD of each group of mice (n = 3), *P<0.05, **P<0.01.