Figure 1.
RTs for each attentional tasks.
Table 1.
Average reaction times (RTs) for each task.
Figure 2.
SPM results from the spatial attention task vs. control task (A), temporal attention task vs. control task (B), neutral task vs. control task (C), and common activations of attentional tasks (D).
Significance was uncorrected p<0.0005.
Table 2.
Activations related to attentional conditions.
Figure 3.
The main effects of auditory attention results.
The activation maps are showing the differences in activation between the three conditions (spatial vs temporal vs neutral, displayed at p<0.01 uncorrected,). A. Left hemisphere. B. Right hemisphere.
Figure 4.
Activation difference between (A) spatial task and temporal task (B) spatial task and neutral task.
Significant activations at an uncorrected threshold of p<0.005.
Table 3.
Activations analyzed by the main effects of auditory attention.
Figure 5.
Anatomical ROI-based BOLD signal changes for the three attentional tasks are shown in (A) Right IPL, (B) Right DLPFC, (C) Right VLPFC, (D) Right MTG, (E) Left IPL, (F) Left DLPFC, (G) Left VLPFC, (H) Left MTG, (I) Left FEF, (J) Right FEF, (K) Right insula, (L) Left insula and (M) Right precuneus.
White bars represents the spatial task vs. control task, gray bars represents the temporal task vs. control task and black bars represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bars (*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.005, ****: p<0.001).
Table 4.
Small Volume Correction (SVC) results based on anatomical masks.
Figure 6.
Specific activations involved in temporal tasks.
Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected p<0.05. (A) left SOG. (B) tegmentum within midbrain. BOLD signal changes based on the extracted data from (C) left SOG, and (D) the tegmentum with in midbrain. For C and D, white represents spatial task vs. control task, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01).
Figure 7.
Specific activations involved in neutral task.
Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected p<0.05. (A) left SFG. (B) medial SOG. (C) bilateral SOG. (D) posterior cerebellum. BOLD signal changes based on the extracted data from the (E) left PHG, (F) right PHG, (G) medial SOG, (H) left SOG (I) right SOG, and (J) posterior cerebellum. For E–J, white represents spatial task vs. control task, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: p<0.05).
Figure 8.
Hazard function related brain activations.
Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected p<0.01. (A) left FEF, medial CC and right FEF. (B) left and right insula. For C–G, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: p<0.01, **: p<0.005).
Figure 9.
Neutral task vs. Temporal task by comparing long interval trials.
Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected p<0.01. (A) left Prefrontal cortex, medial CC, SMA and right Prefrontal cortex. (B) bilateral insula, thalamus and putamen. For C–H, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: p<0.05, **: p<0.005).
Figure 10.
Experimental paradigm and stimuli.
A. A flowchart of an individual trial. In this example, the visual spatial cue indicates spatial information but provides no information about the cue–target interval. The cue was lit for 100 ms, and following the appropriate cue–target interval (600 or 1,800 ms), the auditory target was presented for 50 ms. B. Central cues used in the experimental task. The spatial cue was used in the spatial attention tasks. As the stimulus, the right or left half of the cube was lit to provide the subjects information concerning the target location (i.e., right or left). The temporal cue was used in the temporal attention tasks. When the target came within a short cue–target interval, the inner circle was lit; when it came after a long cue–target interval, the outer circle was lit. The neutral cue was used in the control tasks and provided neither spatial nor temporal information. A double ‘A’ in the center of the cue indicated a visual experiment. C. Either the left half or the right half of the inner circle would turn white during the control task, and participants would press the reaction key when the white half round turned to white. RT was not required.