Figure 1.
Contour of a bull copied from a picture of a prehistoric painting in the French cave Lascaux.
(The original colour picture can be found in the following website: http://pittkyle123.wordpress.com/2011/02/15/cave-paintings-30000-years-ago). The straight line represents the assumed ground line. LH: left hind leg, LF: left fore leg, RH: right hind leg, RF: right fore leg. This correct quadruped walking illustration falls in the cell Bb of the walking matrix.
Figure 2.
A prehistoric elephant depiction.
Left: Prehistoric illustration of an elephant from the Libian Tadrart Acacus (http://www.galuzzi.it, the permission from the photographer, Luca Galuzzi is found in the Supporting Online Material). Right: Contour of the elephant. Here there are three possibilities (A, B, C) for the alignment of the assumed ground line: In cases (A), (B) and (C) the walking depiction falls in cells Be, Cf and Bf of the walking matrix, respectively, all being incorrect.
Figure 3.
A correct modern, post-Muybridgean cavalry statue (Lajos Győrfi: cavalry sculpture of the Polish king Jan Sobieski III., Tatabanya, Hungary), the walking depiction of which fits into the cell Ba of the walking matrix.
Left: Picture of the statue (photo taken by Gabor Horvath). Right: Schematic drawing of the horse.
Figure 4.
An erroneous modern, pre-Muybridgean horse drawing of Leonardo da Vinci (http://www.davincisketches.com).
(A, B) The erroneous horse drawing fits into the cell Eh of the walking matrix. (A) Picture of the graphic art. (B) Schematic drawing of the horse. (C, D) Two possible corrections of the horse: C keeps the postures of the hind legs and corrects the attitudes of the fore legs, thus falls into the cell Gh of the walking matrix. D, keeping the postures of the fore legs and correcting the attitudes of the hind legs, belongs to the cell Ee of the walking matrix.
Table 1.
Number (N) of the different quadruped walking depictions analyzed, numbers of correct (Ncorrect) and incorrect (Nincorrect) depictions, their error rates (r) and tables of the walking matrices.
Table 2.
Statistical comparisons (binomial χ2 test) between the numbers (Nincorrect) of incorrect quadruped walking illustrations (Table 1) to test differences between various ages (modern, post-Muybridgean, pre-Muybridgean, prehistoric), 2- and 3-dimensional depictions, and the random choice.
Figure 5.
The 8×8 walking matrix of the stride of the horse walking from left to right.
To each of the 8 columns and 8 rows belong given postures of the hind and fore feet pair, respectively, as shown by the black half horse contours on the top and left border. These horse contours coincide with the scientific drawings of the eight phases of the stride of walking horses published by Gambaryan [11], [12]. In a given cell of the matrix the fore feet attitudes belonging to the cell’s row are paired with the hind feet postures belonging to the cell’s column.