Figure 1.
Common poses of grasshoppers during agonistic interactions.
Panel (a) shows a defender (D) siting on the back of a female (F) while she is ovipositing and the challenger (Ch) attacks him and attempts to take his place. Panel (b) shows wing damage and tympanum exposed and panel (c) shows a grasshopper’s gape during mandible flare.
Table 1.
The four most common male fighting behaviours are performed at different rates by defenders compared with challengers (n = 40 observations).
Figure 2.
Trends in chameleon grasshopper agonistic interactions.
Panel (a) shows that the number of grappling bouts between males increases with the number of males present (outlier removed) (with line of best fit). Panel (b) shows that defenders flare mandibles more often as the number of challengers increases (with line of best fit).
Table 2.
The differences and correlations between variables for defender and challenger males from field observations (average±SD).