Figure 1.
Pazyryk burials from the Altai Mountains.
A. Geographical location of Pazyryk culture sites in the Altai regions of South Siberia, Kazakhstan and Western Mongolia. B. Pazyryk burial from Baga Turgen Gol site, Bayan-Ölgiy province, Western Mongolia.
Table 1.
Sample distribution by Mongolian Altai sites and period.
Table 2.
Results of HVRI sequencing and PCR-RFLP of coding region informative polymorphisms.
Figure 2.
Spatial frequency distribution maps of East Eurasian lineages.
A- Pre-Iron Age period; B- Iron Age period. Frequency values and detailed information for populations 1–8 are shown in table 3. 1- Mongolia (Altai), 2- Gorny Altai, 3- West Kazakhstan, 4- Central Kazakhstan, 5- South Kazakhstan, 6- East Kazakhstan, 7- SW Siberia, 8- Mongolia (Egyin Gol).
Table 3.
Frequency of West and East Eurasian haplogroups in ancient Eurasian populations prior to Iron Age and from the Iron Age.
Table 4.
mtDNA HVRI diversity (from nucleotide positions 16051 to 16400) in Pazyryk population and populations used for comparison.
Figure 3.
Median Joining Network of ancient N* haplogroup sequences.
MtDNA sequences between positions 16051 and 16400, from ancient populations from the Mongolia (present study and [1], [2]), Russia [3], [4], [5], [6], Kazakhstan [7] and China [8], [9], [10] were used. Additional information concerning each population can be found in Table S2.
Figure 4.
Median Joining Network of ancient M* haplogroup sequences.
MtDNA sequences between positions 16051 and 16400, from ancient populations from the Mongolia (present study and [1], [2]), Russia [3], [4], [5], [6], Kazakhstan [7] and China [8], [9], [10] were used. Additional information concerning each population can be found in Table S2.
Figure 5.
Multidimensional scaling representation of the Slatkin’s linearized FST pairwise genetic distance matrices between populations.
Genetic distance based on HVRI variation of ancient and current Eurasian populations. Ancient populations (in red): AMGBR- Mongolia Altai Bronze Age, present study; PAZMG1- Mongolia Altai, Pazyryk, present study; PAZMG2- Mongolia Altai, Pazyryk; EGOL - Mongolia, Egyin Gol; PAZRA- Rep. Altai, Pazyryk; BRNRA- Rep. Altai, Neolithic and Bronze Age; SBBR- Siberia, Bronze Age; SBIR- Siberia, Iron Age; KZBR- Kazakhstan, Bronze Age; KZIR- Kazakhstan, Iron Age; LAJ- Lajia; YUAN- Xinjiang; INMG- Inner Mongolia. Current populations (in black): CRT- Crimean Tartars; TURK- Turks; KZAZ- Kurds Zazaki; KKUR- Kurds Kurmanji; IRAN- Iraqis; KGEO- Georgians Kurds; GEOR- Georgians; KYR- Kirgiz; UZB- Uzbeks; KAZ- Kazaks; TURKM- Turkmens; TAJ- Tajiks; MONG- Mongols; TUV- Tuvans; TUB- Tubalars; ALT- Altaians; BUR- Buriats; KAL- Kalmiks; SIB- Siberians. Additional information concerning each population can be found in Table S2.