Figure 1.
Experimental design of the bioassays conducted.
Measurement performed on mentum: 1) frequency of deformities, 2) length FA, 3) shape FA and 4) mean shape changes.
Figure 2.
Normal and deformed mentum observed in chironomids exposed at lead and at 4-NP.
Normal mentum (A), cleft median tooth (B), extra tooth (C), missing tooth (D), fusing teeth (E). Arrows indicate deformities.
Figure 3.
Trait selected to measure length FA.
Figure 4.
The 29 landmarks digitized on each mentum to measure shape FA.
Table 1.
Mean concentration in sediment (mg/kg dw.), water column (µg/l) and chironomid bodies (mg/kg dw.) and standard deviation from the three replicate test aquaria.
Table 2.
Mean percentage of mentum deformities and proportion of each type of deformities.
Table 3.
Results of the two ways ANOVA (side × individual) for mentum length, measurement error descriptor (ME5) and FA level. Mean square average and standard deviation (10−3) between replicate.
Figure 5.
FA10b variations for lead and 4-NP bioassays.
Lead bioassays (A) and 4-NP bioassays (B). Error bars indicate standard deviations between replicate test aquaria. Mean replicate sample size is indicated in brackets. Doted lines indicate FA mean value.
Table 4.
Mean square values (10−5) of the two ways ANOVA (side x individual) for mentum shape, measurement error descriptor (ME5) and FA level.
Figure 6.
CVA showing the two discrimination vectors for lead and 4-NP bioassays and the associated patterns of mentum variation.
Lead bioassays (A) and 4-NP bioassays (B). In grey extreme indivuals in negative side, in black extreme indivuals in positive side. *: Procuste distance significantly different from the control group (Permutation test, p<0.05).
Figure 7.
CVA showing the two discrimination vectors for the 2d session of the 4-NP bioassay and the associated patterns of mentum variation.
In grey extreme indivuals in negative side, in black extreme indivuals in positive side. *: Procuste distance significantly different from the control group (Permutation test, p<0.05).