Table 1.
Predictions for hypothesis one (female philopatry, female kin-based groups, and female bonded groups) and hypothesis two (female dispersal, not kin-based groups, and male-female bonded groups).
Table 2.
Definitions for terms used throughout this paper.
Table 3.
The study periods, contact hours, and the number of adult and subadult animals.
Figure 1.
Male and female tenures in natal group and breeding group.
The solid lines represent the survival function (i.e. probability of remaining in the current group) and the dotted lines represent the 95% confidence intervals. Dots indicate censored values. Males and females are represented by black versus gray lines.
Figure 2.
The proportion of males and females with different dispersal status.
Figure 3.
The genetic ties among adults.
The shape specifies sex: circle = female and square = male. Thick borders indicate natal animals. Color indicates group. The size of the squares and circles refers to generation: large = first, midsized = second, and small = third generation. Shaded areas are genetic clusters of animals.
Table 4.
Assigned status via genetic networks for animals with known status and status based on genetic networks and/or demography for all animals.
Figure 4.
Female-female estimates of relatedness (R).
Mean of mean female-female R (solid line) and simulated means (gray area) with 95% CI (dotted lines). The observed mean is calculated as the mean of the groups’ mean R values. The simulated groups consist of randomly drawn dyads from any of the groups.
Figure 5.
Within-group estimates of relatedness (R) for female-female, female-male, and male-male dyads.
Observed mean within-group R (solid line) and simulated means (gray area) with 95% CI (dotted lines). Graphs are shown for female-female, female-male, and male-male dyads in three groups (BS, SP, and WW group). The simulated groups consist of randomly drawn dyads of any sex combination from the same group.
Table 5.
Observed mean proximity scores and the 95% and 99% confidence interval for simulated groups.
Table 6.
Dispersal pattern, kin composition, and social relationships among adult females.