Figure 1.
Location, study area and sampling design.
Fig. 1A, on the top left of the figure we present the location of the study area within the Iberian Peninsula. On the top right, a zoom to the protected areas, Alto Tajo and Parameras de Maranchón, Hoz de Mesa y Arangocillo (Natural 2000 Network) where the study sites are located. Fig.1B, a graphical description of the different study sites and the amount and distribution of the habitats describing the ongoing process of J. thurifera expansion.
Table 1.
Tree and shrub species cover.
Figure 2.
Crop size (mean ± SE number of arcestides*0.12m−2) on mature woodlands (MW) and new colonization areas (NCA) for all studied sites. TOTAL (mean ± SE number of arcestides/0.12m2) for each habitat type is represented on the first two columns.
Table 2.
Thrushes abundance.
Table 3.
General linear model result for J. thurifera seeds presence/absence in each faeces.
Table 4.
General linear model result for J. thurifera seeds abundance per faeces.
Table 5.
General mixed model result for seed dispersal analyses for mature woodland (MW) and new colonization areas (NCA).
Figure 3.
Seed dispersal site and dispersers.
Seed dispersal (mean ± SE of dispersed seeds*Ha−1) generated by the different dispersers in the five study sites. TOTAL (mean ± SE) for each disperser is represented by the columns on the left.
Figure 4.
Seed dispersal, habitats, microhabitats and dispersers.
Seed dispersal (mean ± SE of dispersed seeds* Ha−1) generated by the different dispersers in each microhabitat in Mature Woodland (MW) on the upper panel and New colonization Areas (NCA) on the lower panel. For both panels the first three columns correspond to the mean ± SE total dispersed seeds by all dispersers on each microhabitat. Black columns correspond to Mature Woodland and white columns correspond to New colonization areas.
Figure 5.
Seed dispersal in agricultural lands.
Seed dispersal (mean ± SE of dispersed seeds* Ha−1) generated by each disperser species on panel A and on each study site at the panel B.