Figure 1.
The mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways in biosynthesis of terpenoid.
HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; FPP, farnesyl diphosphate; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde; GA-3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase; DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase; MEP, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate; GGPP, Geranylgeranyl diphosphate; GPP, Geranyl diphosphate; GGPPS, Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
Figure 2.
Tanshinones and Salvia miltiorrhiza.
(A) Chemical structures of tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone II A in Salvia miltiorrhiza; (B) S. miltiorrhiza hairy root culture; (C) The whole plant of S. miltiorrhiza.
Figure 3.
Effects of mevinolin, fosmidomycin and D, L-glyceraldehyde on cell growth of S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots.
CK, the control; MEV, mevinolin; FOS, fosmidomycin; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde. Different letters indicate significant difference at p≤0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. Means ± standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.
Figure 4.
Effects of mevinolin, fosmidomycin and D, L-glyceraldehyde on tanshinone content in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots.
CK, the control; MEV, mevinolin; FOS, fosmidomycin; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde. Different letters indicate significant difference at p≤0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. Means ± standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.
Figure 5.
Effects of mevinolin, fosmidomycin and D, L-glyceraldehyde on tanshinone release to the medium.
CK, the control; MEV, mevinolin; FOS, fosmidomycin; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde. Different letters indicate significant difference at p≤0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. Means ± standard deviation (S.D (n = 3) are shown.
Figure 6.
Effects of mevinolin, fosmidomycin and D, L-glyceraldehyde on tanshinone yield of S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots.
CK, the control; MEV, mevinolin; FOS, fosmidomycin; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde. Different letters indicate significant difference of the total tanshinone yields of four tanshinones at p≤0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. Means ± standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.
Figure 7.
Effects of mevinolin, fosmidomycin and D, L-glyceraldehyde on the expression of genes involved in the MVA and MEP pathways.
CK, the control; MEV, mevinolin; FOS, fosmidomycin; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde; HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase; DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase. Different letters indicate significant difference at p≤0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. Means ± standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.
Figure 8.
Effects of mevinolin, fosmidomycin and D, L-glyceraldehyde on activities of HMGR and DXS.
CK, the control; MEV, mevinolin; FOS, fosmidomycin; DLG, D, L-glyceraldehyde; HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase. Different letters indicate significant difference at p≤0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. Means ± standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.
Table 1.
The primers of genes used in RT-PCR.