Table 1.
Baseline (study week 0) characteristics of third trimester pregnant women and nonpregnant women randomized to either the 480 or 930 mg/d choline intake group.
Figure 1.
Effect of choline intake on peripheral blood leukocyte H3K4me2.
The relative abundance of H3K4me2 at study-end in third trimester pregnant women (right) and nonpregnant women (left) consuming 930 versus 480 mg choline/d. White bar: 480 mg choline/d group, black bar: 930 mg choline/d group. n = 10–13/choline intake and pregnancy status. Values are predicted means ± SEM. Analyzed with general linear models.
Table 2.
Peripheral blood leukocyte counts in third trimester pregnant women and nonpregnant women at the beginning and end of the controlled feeding study.
Figure 2.
Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes by pregnancy.
This figure presents the number of genes differentially expressed in third trimester pregnant versus nonpregnant women at study-baseline (circle on the left) and study-end (circle on the right). The number of genes altered both at study-baseline and study-end are presented in the intersecting area of the two circles. Color scheme: blue represents low expression and yellow represents high expression. n = 12 for pregnant women; n = 10 for nonpregnant women. Analyzed with the LEMMA statistical package.
Table 3.
Quantitative PCR verification of microarray results of genes differentially expressed in third trimester pregnant women (n = 12) and nonpregnant women (n = 10) at the end of the controlled feeding study.
Figure 3.
Hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed immune defense genes (GO: 0006952) in pregnant versus nonpregnant women.
This figure presents the hierarchical clustering of 112 differentially expressed immune defense genes in third trimester women versus nonpregnant women (reference group) at the beginning and end of the controlled feeding study. Color scheme: blue represents low expression and yellow represents high expression. n = 12 for pregnant women; n = 10 for nonpregnant women. Analyzed with Euclidean distances using MultiExperiment Viewer.
Table 4.
Select list of genes involved in defense response that were upregulated in third trimester pregnant women at the end of the controlled feeding study.
Table 5.
Genes involved in adaptive immune response that were downregulated in third trimester pregnant women at the end of the controlled feeding study.
Figure 4.
Plasma TNFα and IL6 concentrations.
Plasma concentrations of TNFα and IL6 in third trimester pregnant versus nonpregnant women at study-baseline (A) and study-end (B). White bar: nonpregnant women (n = 21); black bar: pregnant women (n = 26). Values are means ± SEM. Analyzed with general linear models.
Table 6.
Leukocyte DNA damage and global DNA methylation in third trimester pregnant women and nonpregnant women consuming 480 or 930 mg choline/d at the beginning and end of the controlled feeding study.
Figure 5.
Peripheral blood leukocyte histone modification marks H3K4me2, H3K9me2 and H3K27me3.
(A) and (C), histone modifications in third trimester pregnant versus nonpregnant women without controlling for percent granulocytes at study-baseline and study-end, respectively; (B) and (D), histone modifications in third trimester pregnant versus nonpregnant women controlling for percent granulocytes at study-baseline or study-end, respectively. White bar: nonpregnant women (n = 21), black bar: pregnant women (n = 26). Data are predicted means ± SEM. Analyzed with general linear models.