Figure 1.
Settlement by larvae exposed to crude oil.
Mean percent (% ± SE) new settlement by P. astreoides larvae exposed to Louisiana weathered crude oil (solid bars) and a seawater control (open bars) observed at each time point (24, 48, 72 and 96-hr). Mean percent (% ± SE) cumulative settlement by P. astreoides larvae after 24, 48, 72 and 96-hr exposure to Louisiana weathered crude oil (dashed line) and a seawater control (solid line).
Figure 2.
Settlement and survival of larvae exposed to WAF.
Mean percent (% ± SE) settlement and survival of P. astreoides (solid bars) and M. faveolata (striped bars) larvae under constant exposure to DWH crude oil WAF (0, 0.32, 0.33, 0.62 ppm for P. astreoides; 0, 0.65, 1.34, 1.50 ppm for M. faveolata). Asterisks indicate comparisons that differ significantly from the control (ANOVA/Dunnett's; α = 0.05).
Table 1.
Mean percent of settled, swimming and surviving larvae after 48 and 72-hr constant exposure for P. astreoides (#/5 ± S.E.) and 48-hr constant exposure and 96-hr spiked exposure for M. faveolata (#/25 ± S.E.; #/5 ± S.E.) to WAF, CEWAF and Corexit® 9500.
Figure 3.
Settlement and survival of larvae exposed to CEWAF.
Mean percent (% ± SE) settlement and survival of P. astreoides (solid bars) and M. faveolata (striped bars) larvae under constant exposure to chemically enhanced crude DWH oil CEWAF (0, 0.71, 4.28, 30.99 ppm for P. astreoides; 0, 14.73, 18.56, 35.76 ppm for M. faveolata). Asterisks indicate comparisons that differ significantly from the control (ANOVA/Dunnett's [P. astreoides settlement and survival/M. faveolata settlement]; Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's [M. faveolata survival]; α = 0.05).
Figure 4.
Settlement and survival of larvae exposed to Corexit® 9500.
Mean percent (% ± SE) settlement and survival of P. astreoides (solid bars) and M. faveolata (striped bars) larvae under constant exposure to dispersant Corexit® 9500 [0, 25, 50, 100 ppm]. Asterisks indicate comparisons that differ significantly from the control (ANOVA/Dunnett's [P. astreoides settlement and survival]; Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's [M. faveolata settlement and survival]; α = 0.05).
Figure 5.
Survival of larvae in spiked exposure assays.
Mean percent (% ± SE) survival of M. faveolata larvae after 96-hr spiked-declining exposure to WAF (0, 0.49, 0.51, 0.84 ppm), CEWAF (0, 0.86, 30.06, 42.08 ppb), and Corexit® 9500 (0, 500, 1000, 1500 ppm). Asterisks indicate comparisons that differed significantly from the control (ANOVA/Dunnett's [WAF]; Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's [CEWAF and Corexit® 9500]; α = 0.05).
Table 2.
Actual concentrations (ppm) of Corexit only and total petroleum hydrocarbons in WAF and CEWAF exposure solutions for experiments on P. astreoides and M. faveolata larval settlement and survival.